{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414384732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.15884","title":"Prompt Smart, Pay Less: Cost-Aware APO for Real-World Applications","display_name":"Prompt Smart, Pay Less: Cost-Aware APO for Real-World Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414384732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.15884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.15884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15884","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.15884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.15884","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Choudhari, Jayesh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Choudhari, Jayesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119688597","display_name":"Piyush Kumar Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Piyush Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119688598","display_name":"Douglas McIlwraith","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McIlwraith, Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nair, Snehal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nair, Snehal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.27549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.24410000443458557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.15884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15884","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.15884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.15884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.15884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.15884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15884","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.15884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0,32],"design":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,42,46,73,111,142,187],"critical":[4,47],"factor":[5],"in":[6,41,49,171,182,192],"the":[7,26,50,56,79,124],"effectiveness":[8],"of":[9,30,55,67,82,113],"Large":[10],"Language":[11],"Models":[12],"(LLMs),":[13],"yet":[14],"remains":[15],"largely":[16],"heuristic,":[17],"manual,":[18],"and":[19,84,106,149,158,161,185,195],"difficult":[20],"to":[21,165],"scale.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"presents":[25],"first":[27],"comprehensive":[28],"evaluation":[29],"Automatic":[31],"Optimization":[33],"(APO)":[34],"methods":[35,109],"for":[36,179,189],"real-world,":[37],"high-stakes":[38],"multiclass":[39],"classification":[40,65],"commercial":[43,183],"setting,":[44],"addressing":[45],"gap":[48],"existing":[51],"literature":[52],"where":[53],"most":[54],"APO":[57,181],"frameworks":[58],"have":[59],"been":[60],"validated":[61],"only":[62],"on":[63,110,156],"benchmark":[64,99],"tasks":[66],"limited":[68],"complexity.":[69],"We":[70,98,151],"introduce":[71],"APE-OPRO,":[72],"novel":[74],"hybrid":[75],"framework":[76],"that":[77],"combines":[78],"complementary":[80],"strengths":[81],"APE":[83],"OPRO,":[85,94],"achieving":[86],"notably":[87],"better":[88],"cost-efficiency,":[89],"around":[90],"$18\\%$":[91],"improvement":[92],"over":[93],"without":[95],"sacrificing":[96],"performance.":[97],"APE-OPRO":[100,140],"alongside":[101],"both":[102],"gradient-free":[103],"(APE,":[104],"OPRO)":[105],"gradient-based":[107],"(ProTeGi)":[108],"dataset":[112],"~2,500":[114],"labeled":[115],"products.":[116],"Our":[117],"results":[118],"highlight":[119],"key":[120],"trade-offs:":[121],"ProTeGi":[122],"offers":[123],"strongest":[125],"absolute":[126],"performance":[127],"at":[128],"lower":[129],"API":[130,147],"cost":[131],"but":[132],"higher":[133],"computational":[134],"time":[135],"as":[136],"noted":[137],"in~\\cite{protegi},":[138],"while":[139],"strikes":[141],"compelling":[143],"balance":[144],"between":[145],"performance,":[146],"efficiency,":[148],"scalability.":[150],"further":[152],"conduct":[153],"ablation":[154],"studies":[155],"depth":[157],"breadth":[159],"hyperparameters,":[160],"reveal":[162],"notable":[163],"sensitivity":[164,170],"label":[166],"formatting,":[167],"indicating":[168],"implicit":[169],"LLM":[172],"behavior.":[173],"These":[174],"findings":[175],"provide":[176],"actionable":[177],"insights":[178],"implementing":[180],"applications":[184],"establish":[186],"foundation":[188],"future":[190],"research":[191],"multi-label,":[193],"vision,":[194],"multimodal":[196],"prompt":[197],"optimization":[198],"scenarios.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}