{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415343423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.00683","title":"Testing the spin-bath view of self-attention: A Hamiltonian analysis of GPT-2 Transformer","display_name":"Testing the spin-bath view of self-attention: A Hamiltonian analysis of GPT-2 Transformer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415343423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.00683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.00683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00683","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.00683","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.00683","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007163300","display_name":"Satadeep Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-2881"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhattacharjee, Satadeep","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042053688","display_name":"Seung\u2010Cheol Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9741-6955"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Seung-Cheol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9075999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9075999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7470999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogy","display_name":"Analogy","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bosonization","display_name":"Bosonization","score":0.32440000772476196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7470999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777922955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4947448","display_name":"Bosonization","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.00683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00683","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.00683","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.00683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.00683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.00683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00683","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.00683","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G538192630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2E31851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322091","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8548345693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2V6760","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322091","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415343423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415343423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recently":[1],"proposed":[2],"physics-based":[3],"framework":[4],"by":[5],"Huo":[6],"and":[7,32,50,68,105,172,185],"Johnson~\\cite{huo2024capturing}":[8],"models":[9,179],"the":[10,40,52,78,101,106,118,123,127,147,153,165,174],"attention":[11,58],"mechanism":[12],"of":[13,176],"Large":[14],"Language":[15],"Models":[16],"(LLMs)":[17],"as":[18],"an":[19],"interacting":[20],"two-body":[21],"spin":[22],"system,":[23],"offering":[24],"a":[25,46,82,96,134,139,157],"first-principles":[26],"explanation":[27],"for":[28,56,81,152],"phenomena":[29],"like":[30],"repetition":[31],"bias.":[33],"Building":[34],"on":[35,88],"this":[36,161],"hypothesis,":[37],"we":[38,63,163],"extract":[39],"complete":[41],"Query-Key":[42],"weight":[43],"matrices":[44],"from":[45],"production-grade":[47,158],"GPT-2":[48],"model":[49],"derive":[51],"corresponding":[53],"effective":[54],"Hamiltonian":[55],"every":[57],"head.":[59],"From":[60],"these":[61],"Hamiltonians,":[62],"obtain":[64],"analytic":[65],"phase":[66],"boundaries":[67],"logit":[69,103],"gap":[70],"criteria":[71],"that":[72,116],"predict":[73],"which":[74,168],"token":[75,109],"should":[76],"dominate":[77],"next-token":[79],"distribution":[80],"given":[83],"context.":[84],"A":[85],"systematic":[86],"evaluation":[87],"144":[89],"heads":[90,119],"across":[91],"20":[92],"factual-recall":[93],"prompts":[94],"reveals":[95],"strong":[97,149],"negative":[98],"correlation":[99],"between":[100],"theoretical":[102,181],"gaps":[104],"model's":[107],"empirical":[108,150],"rankings":[110],"($r\\approx-0.70$,":[111],"$p&lt;10^{-3}$).Targeted":[112],"ablations":[113],"further":[114],"show":[115],"suppressing":[117],"most":[120],"aligned":[121],"with":[122],"spin-bath":[124,154],"predictions":[125],"induces":[126],"anticipated":[128],"shifts":[129],"in":[130,156],"output":[131],"probabilities,":[132],"confirming":[133],"causal":[135],"link":[136],"rather":[137],"than":[138],"coincidental":[140],"association.":[141],"Taken":[142],"together,":[143],"our":[144],"findings":[145],"provide":[146],"first":[148],"evidence":[151],"analogy":[155],"model.":[159],"In":[160],"work,":[162],"utilize":[164],"context-field":[166],"lens,":[167],"provides":[169],"physics-grounded":[170],"interpretability":[171],"motivates":[173],"development":[175],"novel":[177],"generative":[178],"bridging":[180],"condensed":[182],"matter":[183],"physics":[184],"artificial":[186],"intelligence.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-20T00:00:00"}
