{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415311870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.14393","title":"Consensus Power Inequality: A Comparative Study of Blockchain Networks","display_name":"Consensus Power Inequality: A Comparative Study of Blockchain Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415311870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.14393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.14393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14393","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.14393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.14393","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022964247","display_name":"Kamil Tylinski","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tylinski, Kamil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020939965","display_name":"Abylay Satybaldy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-4902"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satybaldy, Abylay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074632640","display_name":"Paolo Tasca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5460-5940"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasca, Paolo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022964247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.5703999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.5703999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6560999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centralisation","display_name":"Centralisation","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cornerstone","display_name":"Cornerstone","score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.32710000872612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6560999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778786385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190632","display_name":"Centralisation","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780616401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133673","display_name":"Cornerstone","level":2,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120144228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30323945","display_name":"Centralized government","level":3,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775871377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157277","display_name":"Network governance","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116222747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220888","display_name":"Falsifiability","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.14393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14393","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.14393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.14393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.14393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.14393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14393","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.14393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415311870.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415311870.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"distribution":[1,215],"of":[2,8,16,31,98,134,142,164,175,208,220,238],"consensus":[3,32,93,118,202,240],"power":[4,33,73,119,127,203,214],"is":[5,74],"a":[6,28,161,196],"cornerstone":[7],"decentralisation,":[9],"influencing":[10],"the":[11,62,68,96,99,112,132,167,170,206,218,236],"security,":[12],"resilience,":[13],"and":[14,45,65,92,122,137,172,182,216,234],"fairness":[15],"blockchain":[17,38,77,201],"networks":[18,39],"while":[19],"ensuring":[20],"equitable":[21,190],"impact":[22],"among":[23,76],"participants.":[24,79],"This":[25,193],"study":[26,194],"provides":[27],"rigorous":[29],"evaluation":[30],"inequality":[34],"across":[35,104],"five":[36],"prominent":[37],"-":[40,47],"Bitcoin,":[41],"Ethereum,":[42],"Cardano,":[43],"Hedera,":[44],"Algorand":[46,159],"using":[48],"data":[49],"collected":[50],"from":[51],"January":[52],"2022":[53],"to":[54,146,156,211],"July":[55],"2024.":[56],"Leveraging":[57],"established":[58],"economic":[59,178],"metrics,":[60],"including":[61,177],"Gini":[63],"coefficient":[64],"Theil":[66],"index,":[67],"research":[69,224],"quantitatively":[70],"assesses":[71],"how":[72],"distributed":[75],"network":[78,183,191],"A":[80],"robust":[81],"dataset,":[82],"capturing":[83],"network-specific":[84],"characteristics":[85],"such":[86],"as":[87],"mining":[88],"pools,":[89],"staking":[90],"patterns,":[91],"nodes,":[94],"forms":[95],"foundation":[97],"analysis,":[100],"enabling":[101],"meaningful":[102],"comparisons":[103],"diverse":[105],"architectures.":[106],"Through":[107],"an":[108],"in-depth":[109],"comparative":[110],"study,":[111],"paper":[113],"identifies":[114],"key":[115],"disparities":[116],"in":[117],"distribution.":[120],"Hedera":[121],"Bitcoin":[123],"demonstrate":[124,139],"more":[125,151,189],"balanced":[126],"distribution,":[128],"aligning":[129],"closely":[130],"with":[131],"principles":[133],"decentralisation.":[135],"Ethereum":[136,148],"Cardano":[138],"moderate":[140],"levels":[141],"inequality.":[143],"However,":[144],"contrary":[145],"expectations,":[147],"has":[149],"become":[150],"concentrated":[152],"following":[153],"its":[154],"transition":[155],"Proof-of-Stake.":[157],"Meanwhile,":[158],"shows":[160],"pronounced":[162],"centralisation":[163],"power.":[165],"Moreover,":[166],"findings":[168,229],"highlight":[169],"structural":[171],"operational":[173],"drivers":[174],"inequality,":[176,204],"barriers,":[179],"governance":[180],"models,":[181],"effects,":[184],"offering":[185],"actionable":[186],"insights":[187],"for":[188,199],"design.":[192],"establishes":[195],"methodological":[197],"framework":[198],"evaluating":[200],"emphasising":[205],"importance":[207],"targeted":[209],"strategies":[210],"ensure":[212],"fairer":[213],"enhancing":[217],"sustainability":[219],"decentralised":[221],"systems.":[222],"Future":[223],"will":[225],"build":[226],"on":[227],"these":[228],"by":[230],"integrating":[231],"additional":[232],"metrics":[233],"examining":[235],"influence":[237],"emerging":[239],"mechanisms.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-18T00:00:00"}
