{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416132678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.04659","title":"Multi-Tool Analysis of User Interface &amp; Accessibility in Deployed Web-Based Chatbots","display_name":"Multi-Tool Analysis of User Interface &amp; Accessibility in Deployed Web-Based Chatbots","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416132678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.04659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.04659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04659","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.04659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.04659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074670965","display_name":"M. Rajmohan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajmohan, Mukesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033717301","display_name":"Smit Desai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6983-8838"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desai, Smit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059400253","display_name":"Sanchari Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1299-7867"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Das, Sanchari","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074670965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.6126000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.6126000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.06780000030994415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.060100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.483599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"Web accessibility","score":0.3142000138759613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6626999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.483599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.04659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04659","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.04659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.04659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.04659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.04659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04659","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.04659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309029","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416132678.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416132678.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,71],"present":[4],"a":[5,100,105],"multi-tool":[6,101],"evaluation":[7,107],"of":[8,50,99,116],"106":[9],"deployed":[10],"web-based":[11],"chatbots,":[12],"across":[13,78],"domains":[14],"like":[15],"healthcare,":[16],"education":[17],"and":[18,25,38,59,109],"customer":[19],"service,":[20],"comprising":[21],"both":[22],"standalone":[23],"applications":[24],"embedded":[26],"widgets":[27],"using":[28],"automated":[29],"tools":[30,79],"(Google":[31],"Lighthouse,":[32],"PageSpeed":[33,83],"Insights,":[34,84],"SiteImprove":[35],"Accessibility":[36,42],"Checker)":[37],"manual":[39],"audits":[40],"(Microsoft":[41],"Insights).":[43],"Our":[44],"analysis":[45],"reveals":[46],"that":[47,73],"over":[48],"80%":[49],"chatbots":[51],"exhibit":[52],"at":[53],"least":[54],"one":[55],"critical":[56],"accessibility":[57,74],"issue,":[58],"45%":[60],"suffer":[61],"from":[62],"missing":[63],"semantic":[64],"structures":[65],"or":[66],"ARIA":[67],"role":[68],"misuse.":[69],"Furthermore,":[70],"found":[72],"scores":[75,90],"correlate":[76],"strongly":[77],"(e.g.,":[80],"Lighthouse":[81],"vs":[82],"r":[85],"=":[86,94],"0.861),":[87],"but":[88],"performance":[89],"do":[91],"not":[92],"(r":[93],"0.436),":[95],"underscoring":[96],"the":[97,114],"value":[98],"approach.":[102],"We":[103],"offer":[104],"replicable":[106],"insights":[108],"actionable":[110],"recommendations":[111],"to":[112],"support":[113],"development":[115],"user-friendly":[117],"conversational":[118],"interfaces.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
