{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414384727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.23631","title":"Human Empathy as Encoder: AI-Assisted Depression Assessment in Special Education","display_name":"Human Empathy as Encoder: AI-Assisted Depression Assessment in Special Education","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414384727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.23631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.23631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23631","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110479305","display_name":"Boning Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Boning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li, Xinnuo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xinnuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hu, Yutong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Yutong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110479305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11761","display_name":"Resilience and Mental Health","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11761","display_name":"Resilience and Mental Health","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.8766000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.7186999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"Depression (economics)","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education","display_name":"Special education","score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.36550000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.8766000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.7186999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019207227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10883614","display_name":"Human life","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779561248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743861","display_name":"Tacit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.23631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23631","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.23631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.23631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.23631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23631","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414384727.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414384727.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"student":[1,27,89],"depression":[2,82],"in":[3],"sensitive":[4],"environments":[5],"like":[6],"special":[7],"education":[8],"is":[9],"challenging.":[10],"Standardized":[11],"questionnaires":[12],"may":[13],"not":[14],"fully":[15],"reflect":[16],"students'":[17],"true":[18],"situations.":[19],"Furthermore,":[20],"automated":[21],"methods":[22,42],"often":[23,43],"falter":[24],"with":[25,39,92],"rich":[26],"narratives,":[28],"lacking":[29],"the":[30,103,125],"crucial,":[31],"individualized":[32],"insights":[33],"stemming":[34],"from":[35],"teachers'":[36],"empathetic":[37,109],"connections":[38],"students.":[40],"Existing":[41],"fail":[44],"to":[45],"address":[46,55],"this":[47,64],"ambiguity":[48],"or":[49],"effectively":[50],"integrate":[51],"educator":[52],"understanding.":[53],"To":[54],"these":[56],"limitations":[57],"by":[58,102,152],"fostering":[59],"a":[60,72,93,112,143],"synergistic":[61],"human-AI":[62],"collaboration,":[63],"paper":[65],"introduces":[66],"Human":[67],"Empathy":[68],"as":[69],"Encoder":[70],"(HEAE),":[71],"novel,":[73],"human-centered":[74],"AI":[75,114],"framework":[76],"for":[77,136],"transparent":[78],"and":[79,130,148],"socially":[80],"responsible":[81,147],"severity":[83,138],"assessment.":[84],"Our":[85],"approach":[86],"uniquely":[87],"integrates":[88],"narrative":[90],"text":[91,128],"teacher-derived,":[94],"9-dimensional":[95],"\"Empathy":[96],"Vector\"":[97],"(EV),":[98],"its":[99],"dimensions":[100],"guided":[101],"PHQ-9":[104],"framework,to":[105],"explicitly":[106],"translate":[107],"tacit":[108],"insight":[110],"into":[111],"structured":[113],"input":[115],"enhancing":[116],"rather":[117],"than":[118],"replacing":[119],"human":[120,155],"judgment.":[121],"Rigorous":[122],"experiments":[123],"optimized":[124],"multimodal":[126],"fusion,":[127],"representation,":[129],"classification":[131],"architecture,":[132],"achieving":[133],"82.74%":[134],"accuracy":[135],"7-level":[137],"classification.":[139],"This":[140],"work":[141],"demonstrates":[142],"path":[144],"toward":[145],"more":[146],"ethical":[149],"affective":[150],"computing":[151],"structurally":[153],"embedding":[154],"empathy":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}