{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417300554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12239","title":"Towards Efficient and Exact Forgetting Services in Pre-Trained-Model-based Continual Learning","display_name":"Towards Efficient and Exact Forgetting Services in Pre-Trained-Model-based Continual Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417300554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.12239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106405880","display_name":"Yajiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5023-0738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5023-0738"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Yajiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102865237","display_name":"Jianheng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-5777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-5777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Jianheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fan, Kejia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Kejia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061256037","display_name":"Huiping Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-5445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-5445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuang, Huiping","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143267201","display_name":"Anfeng Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Anfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143304425","display_name":"Tian Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082653046","display_name":"Yunhuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-8078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-8078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yunhuai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061453937","display_name":"Mianxiong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-3451","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-3451"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Mianxiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems , University of Maryland , Baltimore County (UMBC) , Baltimore , MD 21250 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems , University of Maryland , Baltimore County (UMBC) , Baltimore , MD 21250 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143284724","display_name":"Houbing Herbert Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Houbing Herbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Central South University , Chang- sha 410083 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8198000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8198000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.15610000491142273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continual-learning","display_name":"continual learning","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-trained-models","display_name":"pre-trained models","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extractor","display_name":"feature extractor","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-solution","display_name":"analytical solution","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-squares","display_name":"least squares","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy-preservation","display_name":"data privacy preservation","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-crowdsensing","display_name":"mobile crowdsensing","score":0.8659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.8622000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.12239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.12239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.12239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417300554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417300554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,166],"Continual":[1,88,150],"Learning":[2],"(CL),":[3],"using":[4],"a":[5,15,84,145],"Pre-Trained":[6],"Model":[7],"(PTM)":[8],"as":[9],"the":[10,22,34,44,93,120,139,176],"feature":[11],"extractor":[12],"has":[13],"become":[14],"popular":[16],"practice.":[17],"Accompanied":[18],"by":[19],"analytic":[20],"classifiers,":[21],"PTM-based":[23,164],"methods":[24,103],"have":[25],"achieved":[26],"state-of-the-art":[27],"performance":[28],"in":[29,31,50,98,124,163,184,211],"CL,":[30],"pursuit":[32],"of":[33,141],"non-forgetting":[35,73],"goal.":[36],"Meanwhile,":[37],"actively":[38],"forgetting":[39,79,94,108,157],"specific":[40,77],"knowledge":[41,78],"acquired":[42],"during":[43],"CL":[45,125],"phase":[46],"is":[47,193],"also":[48,76],"essential":[49],"most":[51],"service":[52],"construction":[53],"paradigms,":[54],"for":[55,80,153],"example,":[56],"Mobile":[57],"Crowd":[58],"Sensing":[59],"(MCS),":[60],"where":[61],"mobile":[62],"edge":[63],"nodes":[64],"continuously":[65],"collect":[66],"sensory":[67],"data":[68,122,160],"and":[69,109,126,155,198,204,216],"demand":[70],"not":[71],"only":[72],"adaptation":[74],"but":[75],"privacy":[81,123,161],"preservation.":[82],"Thus,":[83],"unique":[85],"problem,":[86],"called":[87,148],"Unlearning":[89,151],"(CU),":[90],"arises":[91],"when":[92,113],"requests":[95],"show":[96],"sequentially":[97],"CL.":[99,165],"However,":[100],"existing":[101],"unlearning":[102,170,200,212],"focus":[104],"on":[105],"single-shot":[106],"joint":[107],"prove":[110],"highly":[111],"inadequate":[112],"applied":[114],"to":[115,168],"CU,":[116,142],"including":[117],"(1)":[118],"violating":[119],"historical":[121,159],"(2)":[127],"vulnerably":[128],"being":[129],"overwhelmed":[130],"or":[131],"degraded":[132],"with":[133,158,195],"adversarially":[134],"frequent":[135],"requests.":[136,201],"To":[137],"handle":[138],"challenges":[140],"we":[143],"propose":[144],"gradient-free":[146],"approach,":[147],"Analytic":[149],"(ACU),":[152],"efficient":[154],"exact":[156],"preservation":[162],"response":[167],"each":[169],"request,":[171],"our":[172,191,208],"ACU":[173,192],"recursively":[174],"derives":[175],"analytical":[177],"(i.e.,":[178],"closed-form)":[179],"solutions":[180],"via":[181],"least":[182],"squares":[183],"an":[185],"interpretable":[186],"manner.":[187],"By":[188],"meticulous":[189],"design,":[190],"compatible":[194],"both":[196],"sample-level":[197],"class-level":[199],"The":[202],"theoretical":[203],"experimental":[205],"evaluations":[206],"validate":[207],"ACU's":[209],"superiority":[210],"effectiveness,":[213],"model":[214],"fidelity,":[215],"system":[217],"efficiency.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-30T09:27:27.532063","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}