{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417248780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.07072","title":"Kaleidoscope: In-language Exams for Massively Multilingual Vision Evaluation","display_name":"Kaleidoscope: In-language Exams for Massively Multilingual Vision Evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417248780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.07072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07072","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065946161","display_name":"Israfel Salazar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-0192"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salazar, Israfel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063883178","display_name":"Michal Burda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-4407"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burda, Manuel Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109459396","display_name":"Shafiqul Islam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Islam, Shayekh Bin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001802698","display_name":"Arshia Soltani Moakhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moakhar, Arshia Soltani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050856399","display_name":"Shivalika Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Shivalika","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115002970","display_name":"Fabian Farestam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farestam, Fabian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113161539","display_name":"Angelika Romanou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romanou, Angelika","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070683000","display_name":"Danylo Boiko","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boiko, Danylo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069259130","display_name":"Dipika Khullar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khullar, Dipika","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612835","display_name":"Michael Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7067-0689"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Mike","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066939448","display_name":"Dominik Krzemi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-0583"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzemi\u0144ski, Dominik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050825493","display_name":"Jekaterina Novikova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-6126"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Novikova, Jekaterina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100019299","display_name":"Lu\u00edsa Shimabucoro","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shimabucoro, Lu\u00edsa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040428208","display_name":"Joseph Marvin Imperial","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1073-6129"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imperial, Joseph Marvin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114631340","display_name":"Rishabh Maheshwary","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maheshwary, Rishabh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119451133","display_name":"Sharad Duwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duwal, Sharad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073954731","display_name":"Alfonso Amayuelas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amayuelas, Alfonso","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010369927","display_name":"Swati Rajwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-5069"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajwal, Swati","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114654176","display_name":"Jebish Purbey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Purbey, Jebish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077529535","display_name":"Ahmed Ruby","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruby, Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049001593","display_name":"Nicholas Popovi\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2603-073X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Popovi\u010d, Nicholas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113490837","display_name":"Marek \u0160uppa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suppa, Marek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017188403","display_name":"Azmine Toushik Wasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9509-5804"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasi, Azmine Toushik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033606784","display_name":"Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kadiyala, Ram Mohan Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032806413","display_name":"Olga Tsymboi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsymboi, Olga","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120775586","display_name":"Maksim Kostritsya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kostritsya, Maksim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115002978","display_name":"Bardia Soltani Moakhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moakhar, Bardia Soltani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086068753","display_name":"Guillaume Merlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-3601"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merlin, Gabriel da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093733186","display_name":"Ot\u00e1vio Ferracioli Coletti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coletti, Ot\u00e1vio Ferracioli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120775587","display_name":"Maral Jabbari Shiviari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiviari, Maral Jabbari","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120775588","display_name":"MohammadAmin farahani fard","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"fard, MohammadAmin farahani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026834252","display_name":"Silvia Fernandez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernandez, Silvia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011369765","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Grandury","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grandury, Mar\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063189132","display_name":"Dmitry Abulkhanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-2458"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abulkhanov, Dmitry","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088194882","display_name":"Dinkar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-1285"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharma, Drishti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115460493","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Guarnier de Mitri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De Mitri, Andre Guarnier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120775589","display_name":"Leticia Bossatto Marchezi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marchezi, Leticia Bossatto","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042385921","display_name":"Somayeh Heydari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heydari, Setayesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054834689","display_name":"Johan Obando-Ceron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-5401"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Obando-Ceron, Johan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115671785","display_name":"Nazar Kohut","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohut, Nazar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057377890","display_name":"Beyza Ermi\u015f","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ermis, Beyza","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010165733","display_name":"Desmond Elliott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-7904"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliott, Desmond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032685263","display_name":"Enzo Ferrante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8500-788X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferrante, Enzo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078850040","display_name":"Sara Hooker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-6459"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hooker, Sara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070153551","display_name":"Marzieh Fadaee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-1213"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadaee, Marzieh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":45,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065946161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.5896000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.5896000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.06790000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.02449999935925007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07072","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.07072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.07072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07072","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310490","display_name":"Villum Fonden","ror":"https://ror.org/007ww2d15"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417248780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417248780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evaluation":[1,60,147],"of":[2,35,61,93,107],"vision-language":[3,62,120],"models":[4,121],"(VLMs)":[5],"has":[6],"mainly":[7],"relied":[8],"on":[9,33,128,143],"English-language":[10],"benchmarks,":[11],"leaving":[12],"significant":[13],"gaps":[14],"in":[15,27,132],"both":[16,26],"multilingual":[17,22,59,119],"and":[18,29,78,85,113,122,131],"multicultural":[19],"coverage.":[20],"While":[21],"benchmarks":[23],"have":[24],"expanded,":[25],"size":[28],"languages,":[30],"many":[31],"rely":[32],"translations":[34],"English":[36],"datasets,":[37],"failing":[38],"to":[39,55,72,90],"capture":[40],"cultural":[41,114],"nuances.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"work,":[45],"we":[46],"propose":[47],"Kaleidoscope,":[48],"as":[49],"the":[50,58,139],"most":[51],"comprehensive":[52],"exam":[53],"benchmark":[54,70],"date":[56],"for":[57,141],"models.":[63],"Kaleidoscope":[64,81,110],"is":[65],"a":[66,91,104],"large-scale,":[67],"in-language":[68],"multimodal":[69,134,146],"designed":[71],"evaluate":[73,117],"VLMs":[74],"across":[75],"diverse":[76,105],"languages":[77,84,130],"visual":[79],"inputs.":[80],"covers":[82],"18":[83],"14":[86],"different":[87],"subjects,":[88],"amounting":[89],"total":[92],"20,911":[94],"multiple-choice":[95],"questions.":[96],"Built":[97],"through":[98],"an":[99],"open":[100],"science":[101],"collaboration":[102],"with":[103],"group":[106],"researchers":[108],"worldwide,":[109],"ensures":[111],"linguistic":[112],"authenticity.":[115],"We":[116],"top-performing":[118],"find":[123],"that":[124],"they":[125],"perform":[126],"poorly":[127],"low-resource":[129],"complex":[133],"scenarios.":[135],"Our":[136],"results":[137],"highlight":[138],"need":[140],"progress":[142],"culturally":[144],"inclusive":[145],"frameworks.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}