{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406879573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.14818","title":"Eagle 2: Building Post-Training Data Strategies from Scratch for Frontier Vision-Language Models","display_name":"Eagle 2: Building Post-Training Data Strategies from Scratch for Frontier Vision-Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406879573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.14818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.14818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14818","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.14818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.14818","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100675976","display_name":"Zhiqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-8125"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen, Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045682635","display_name":"Shilong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4582-783X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Shilong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707115","display_name":"Shihao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-0612"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Shihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004330920","display_name":"Vibashan VS","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"VS, Vibashan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013199214","display_name":"Yishen Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji, Yishen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008361912","display_name":"Shiyi Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan, Shiyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396911","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-9610"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702074","display_name":"Yilin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3011-2193"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yilin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033651368","display_name":"Subhashree Radhakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radhakrishnan, Subhashree","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045190437","display_name":"Nadine Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4765-8478"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Nadine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060354987","display_name":"Karan Sapra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sapra, Karan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077825735","display_name":"Amala Sanjay Deshmukh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deshmukh, Amala Sanjay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114387947","display_name":"Tuomas Rintamaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rintamaki, Tuomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114337291","display_name":"Matthieu Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le, Matthieu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036415489","display_name":"Ilia Karmanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karmanov, Ilia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116053768","display_name":"Lukas Voegtle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Voegtle, Lukas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021124435","display_name":"Philipp M. Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-5195"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fischer, Philipp","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052829033","display_name":"De-An Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-7768"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, De-An","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099230548","display_name":"Timo Roman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman, Timo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061696740","display_name":"Tong L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7051-5347"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021005808","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda \u00c1lvarez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvarez, Jose M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066242985","display_name":"Bryan Catanzaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-7728"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catanzaro, Bryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063511312","display_name":"Jan Kautz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kautz, Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025713692","display_name":"Andrew Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100667303","display_name":"Guilin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-5187"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Guilin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054586129","display_name":"Zhiding Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-996X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Zhiding","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":27,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100675976"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.8521693348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eagle","display_name":"Eagle","score":0.7928740978240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.7748361825942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5842208862304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46180883049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.424391508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22628101706504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.17662662267684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16670799255371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0775647759437561}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.8521693348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780985876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2092297","display_name":"Eagle","level":2,"score":0.7928740978240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.7748361825942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5842208862304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46180883049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.424391508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22628101706504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.17662662267684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16670799255371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0775647759437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.14818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14818","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.14818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.14818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.14818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.14818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14818","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.14818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406879573.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W647060948","https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W2358308169","https://openalex.org/W2380223122","https://openalex.org/W2347401120","https://openalex.org/W2385135707","https://openalex.org/W2041961361","https://openalex.org/W2310010941","https://openalex.org/W2140315382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"promising":[1],"progress":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"made":[5],"by":[6],"open-source":[7,24,93],"vision-language":[8],"models":[9,25,90,127],"(VLMs)":[10],"in":[11,61],"bringing":[12],"their":[13,28],"capabilities":[14],"closer":[15],"to":[16,84,107,130],"those":[17],"of":[18,36,58,88,110],"proprietary":[19],"frontier":[20,63],"models.":[21],"However,":[22],"most":[23],"only":[26],"publish":[27],"final":[29],"model":[30,104],"weights,":[31],"leaving":[32],"the":[33,55,80,86,92],"critical":[34],"details":[35],"data":[37,59,71,97],"strategies":[38],"and":[39,67,103],"implementation":[40],"largely":[41],"opaque.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"work,":[45],"we":[46,75],"address":[47],"VLM":[48],"post-training":[49,70],"from":[50,73],"a":[51,108],"data-centric":[52],"perspective,":[53],"showing":[54],"key":[56],"role":[57],"strategy":[60,72],"developing":[62],"VLMs.":[64],"By":[65],"studying":[66],"building":[68],"our":[69],"scratch,":[74],"share":[76],"detailed":[77],"insights":[78],"into":[79],"development":[81,87],"processes,":[82],"aiming":[83],"benefit":[85],"competitive":[89,126],"for":[91],"community.":[94],"Our":[95],"introduced":[96],"strategy,":[98],"together":[99],"with":[100,128],"training":[101],"recipes":[102],"design,":[105],"leads":[106],"family":[109],"performant":[111],"VLMs":[112],"named":[113],"Eagle2.":[114],"Specifically,":[115],"Eagle2-9B":[116],"achieves":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118],"results":[119],"across":[120],"various":[121],"multimodal":[122],"benchmarks,":[123],"matching":[124],"certain":[125],"up":[129],"70B":[131],"parameters.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}