{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406745538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.12016","title":"Are Traditional Deep Learning Model Approaches as Effective as a Retinal-Specific Foundation Model for Ocular and Systemic Disease Detection?","display_name":"Are Traditional Deep Learning Model Approaches as Effective as a Retinal-Specific Foundation Model for Ocular and Systemic Disease Detection?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406745538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.12016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.12016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12016","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.12016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.12016","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092683731","display_name":"Samantha Min Er Yew","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yew, Samantha Min Er","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052064127","display_name":"Xiaofeng Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-9198"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei, Xiaofeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009380042","display_name":"Jocelyn Hui Lin Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-6081"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goh, Jocelyn Hui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036177016","display_name":"Yibing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-3088"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yibing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083904001","display_name":"Sahana Srinivasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan, Sahana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022652510","display_name":"Miao-Li Chee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee, Miao-li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075448224","display_name":"Krithi Pushpanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-8489"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pushpanathan, Krithi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066850451","display_name":"Ke Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-9859"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006758777","display_name":"Qingshan Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-1399"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou, Qingshan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020727354","display_name":"Zhi Da Soh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-3489"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Soh, Zhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112535189","display_name":"Cancan Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-6215"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue, Cancan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059258821","display_name":"Marco Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-8914"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Marco Chak Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010771830","display_name":"Charumathi Sabanayagam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4719"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabanayagam, Charumathi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029935073","display_name":"E Shyong Tai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tai, E Shyong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008481316","display_name":"Xueling Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-7642"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sim, Xueling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665185","display_name":"Yaxing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-1003"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yaxing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082561940","display_name":"Jost B. Jonas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas, Jost B.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101747164","display_name":"Vinay Nangia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-9760"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nangia, Vinay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065655218","display_name":"Guang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-7079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Gabriel Dawei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096998469","display_name":"Emma Anran Ran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran, Emma Anran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019493583","display_name":"Carol Y. Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-1819"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheung, Carol Yim-Lui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017061083","display_name":"Yangqin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-8079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Yangqin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108053913","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-3713"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599295","display_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1595"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goh, Rick Siow Mong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087083706","display_name":"Yukun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-6422"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Yukun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003259452","display_name":"Pearse A. Keane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-745X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keane, Pearse A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101633990","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-6926"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032933669","display_name":"Ching\u2010Yu Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-885X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Ching-Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085096438","display_name":"Yih Chung Tham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6752-797X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tham, Yih-Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":29,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092683731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9248999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.8149789571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.6421853303909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.521116316318512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4627087116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4502042829990387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4219421148300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.39232662320137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2834901809692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.16004806756973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1177697479724884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.8149789571762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.6421853303909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.521116316318512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4627087116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4502042829990387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4219421148300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39232662320137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2834901809692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.16004806756973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1177697479724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.12016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12016","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.12016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.12016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.12016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.12016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12016","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.12016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406745538.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"RETFound,":[1],"a":[2],"self-supervised,":[3],"retina-specific":[4],"foundation":[5],"model":[6],"(FM),":[7],"showed":[8],"potential":[9],"in":[10,41,155],"downstream":[11],"applications.":[12],"However,":[13,151],"its":[14],"comparative":[15],"performance":[16,117],"with":[17,68,131,148,159],"traditional":[18,174],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"(DL)":[21],"models":[22,37,54,85,138,175],"remains":[23],"incompletely":[24],"understood.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"aimed":[28],"to":[29,142],"evaluate":[30],"RETFound":[31,50,143,152],"against":[32],"three":[33,52],"ImageNet-pretrained":[34],"supervised":[35],"DL":[36,53,137],"(ResNet50,":[38],"ViT-base,":[39],"SwinV2)":[40],"detecting":[42],"ocular":[43,145],"and":[44,51,60,79,94,99,108,129,171,176],"systemic":[45,156],"diseases.":[46],"Methods:":[47],"We":[48],"fine-tuned/trained":[49],"on":[55,102],"full":[56],"datasets,":[57],"50%,":[58],"20%,":[59],"fixed":[61],"sample":[62],"sizes":[63],"(400,":[64],"200,":[65],"100":[66,78],"images,":[67],"half":[69],"comprising":[70],"disease":[71,146,157],"cases;":[72],"for":[73,144],"each":[74],"DR":[75],"severity":[76],"class,":[77],"50":[80],"cases":[81],"were":[82,86],"used.":[83],"Fine-tuned":[84],"tested":[87],"internally":[88],"using":[89,120],"the":[90,123,168],"SEED":[91],"(53,090":[92],"images)":[93,97],"APTOS-2019":[95],"(3,672":[96],"datasets":[98,110],"externally":[100],"validated":[101],"population-based":[103],"(BES,":[104],"CIEMS,":[105],"SP2,":[106],"UKBB)":[107],"open-source":[109],"(ODIR-5k,":[111],"PAPILA,":[112],"GAMMA,":[113],"IDRiD,":[114],"MESSIDOR-2).":[115],"Model":[116],"was":[118],"compared":[119],"area":[121],"under":[122],"receiver":[124],"operating":[125],"characteristic":[126],"curve":[127],"(AUC)":[128],"Z-tests":[130],"Bonferroni":[132],"correction":[133],"(P<0.05/3).":[134],"Interpretation:":[135],"Traditional":[136],"are":[139],"mostly":[140],"comparable":[141],"detection":[147,158],"large":[149],"datasets.":[150,161],"is":[153],"superior":[154],"smaller":[160],"These":[162],"findings":[163],"offer":[164],"valuable":[165],"insights":[166],"into":[167],"respective":[169],"merits":[170],"limitation":[172],"of":[173],"FMs.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}