{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404313603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.20011","title":"A Survey of Small Language Models","display_name":"A Survey of Small Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404313603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.20011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.20011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.20011","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.20011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.20011","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048500413","display_name":"Chien Van Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Van Nguyen, Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101655525","display_name":"Xuan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-0089"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056828189","display_name":"Ryan Aponte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-3752"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aponte, Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115588937","display_name":"Yu Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082763471","display_name":"Samyadeep Basu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basu, Samyadeep","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950687","display_name":"Zhengmian Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-146X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Zhengmian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326439","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-1137"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106524687","display_name":"Mihir Parmar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parmar, Mihir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114619926","display_name":"Sasidhar Kunapuli","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunapuli, Sasidhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034286014","display_name":"Joe Barrow","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barrow, Joe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001019377","display_name":"Junjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4000-7026"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Junda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084976967","display_name":"Ashish Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3534-9010"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh, Ashish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115596413","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7101-4987"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005119482","display_name":"Jiuxiang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3437-5084"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Jiuxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028863551","display_name":"Franck Dernoncourt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1119-1346"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dernoncourt, Franck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059294839","display_name":"Nesreen K. Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-4962"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed, Nesreen K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016933602","display_name":"Nedim Lipka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3779-7784"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lipka, Nedim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101424485","display_name":"Ruiyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4850-7034"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ruiyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441949","display_name":"Xiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9800-6472"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080665451","display_name":"Tong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9934-262X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718932","display_name":"Sung\u2010Chul Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0512-1154"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Sungchul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083681053","display_name":"Hanieh Deilamsalehy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deilamsalehy, Hanieh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072397278","display_name":"Namyong Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-2361"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Park, Namyong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114619925","display_name":"Mike Rimer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rimer, Mike","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091820112","display_name":"Zhehao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Zhehao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076154259","display_name":"Huanrui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-4512"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Huanrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009957887","display_name":"Ryan A. Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-0635"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossi, Ryan A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103890183","display_name":"Thien Huu Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Thien Huu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":28,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048500413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6306999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6306999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5432999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.372694730758667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.372694730758667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.20011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.20011","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.20011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.20011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.20011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.20011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.20011","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.20011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404313603.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(SLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"increasingly":[6],"important":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,14,67,103,109],"their":[10,49],"efficiency":[11],"and":[12,53,74,117,122],"performance":[13],"perform":[15],"various":[16,27],"language":[17,127],"tasks":[18],"with":[19,89],"minimal":[20],"computational":[21],"resources,":[22],"making":[23],"them":[24],"ideal":[25],"for":[26,62,85,115],"settings":[28],"including":[29,70],"on-device,":[30],"mobile,":[31],"edge":[32],"devices,":[33],"among":[34],"many":[35],"others.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"article,":[39],"we":[40,96],"present":[41],"a":[42,59,112],"comprehensive":[43],"survey":[44,107],"on":[45,48],"SLMs,":[46,69],"focusing":[47],"architectures,":[50],"training":[51],"techniques,":[52],"model":[54,71],"compression":[55],"techniques.":[56,76],"We":[57,77],"propose":[58],"novel":[60],"taxonomy":[61],"categorizing":[63],"the":[64,79,90],"methods":[65],"used":[66],"optimize":[68],"compression,":[72],"pruning,":[73],"quantization":[75],"summarize":[78],"benchmark":[80],"datasets":[81],"that":[82,101],"are":[83],"useful":[84],"benchmarking":[86],"SLMs":[87],"along":[88],"evaluation":[91],"metrics":[92],"commonly":[93],"used.":[94],"Additionally,":[95],"highlight":[97],"key":[98],"open":[99],"challenges":[100],"remain":[102],"be":[104],"addressed.":[105],"Our":[106],"aims":[108],"serve":[110],"as":[111],"valuable":[113],"resource":[114],"researchers":[116],"practitioners":[118],"interested":[119],"in":[120],"developing":[121],"deploying":[123],"small":[124],"yet":[125],"efficient":[126],"models.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
