{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405622435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.12259","title":"How Safe is Your Safety Metric? Automatic Concatenation Tests for Metric Reliability","display_name":"How Safe is Your Safety Metric? Automatic Concatenation Tests for Metric Reliability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405622435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.12259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.12259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.12259","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.12259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.12259","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013947961","display_name":"Ora Nova Fandina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1501"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fandina, Ora Nova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040286212","display_name":"Leshem Choshen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-6496"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choshen, Leshem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064288943","display_name":"Eitan Farchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-1488"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farchi, Eitan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057593631","display_name":"George Kour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-3134"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kour, George","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068497719","display_name":"Yotam Perlitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perlitz, Yotam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017886143","display_name":"Orna Raz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raz, Orna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.42239999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.42239999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.3865000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.367900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.9182652235031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7777653932571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5060085654258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3464534282684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13376888632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1314733624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.07867345213890076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.9182652235031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7777653932571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5060085654258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3464534282684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13376888632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1314733624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.07867345213890076}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.12259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.12259","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.12259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.12259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.12259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.12259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.12259","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.12259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405622435.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2373577936","https://openalex.org/W3095575180","https://openalex.org/W2389596151","https://openalex.org/W4221148444","https://openalex.org/W4226054107","https://openalex.org/W4387678054","https://openalex.org/W4306784355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consider":[0],"a":[1,4,14,33,56,87,153],"scenario":[2],"where":[3],"harmfulness":[5,163],"evaluation":[6],"metric":[7],"intended":[8],"to":[9,20,63,90,143],"filter":[10],"unsafe":[11,30],"responses":[12,93],"from":[13],"Large":[15],"Language":[16],"Model.":[17],"When":[18,150],"applied":[19,151],"individual":[21],"harmful":[22,61,107],"prompt-response":[23],"pairs,":[24],"it":[25],"correctly":[26],"flags":[27],"them":[28],"as":[29,53,77,97],"by":[31],"assigning":[32],"high-risk":[34],"score.":[35],"Yet,":[36],"if":[37,99],"those":[38],"same":[39],"pairs":[40],"are":[41,94],"concatenated,":[42],"the":[43,50,60,65,117,121,128,157],"metrics":[44,75],"decision":[45],"unexpectedly":[46],"reverses":[47],"-":[48],"labelling":[49],"combined":[51],"content":[52,101,108],"safe":[54,98,100],"with":[55],"low":[57],"score,":[58],"allowing":[59],"text":[62],"bypass":[64],"filter.":[66],"We":[67],"found":[68],"that":[69,109,126],"multiple":[70],"safety":[71,122,124,155],"metrics,":[72,125],"including":[73],"advanced":[74],"such":[76],"GPT-based":[78],"judges,":[79],"exhibit":[80],"this":[81],"non-safe":[82],"behaviour.":[83],"Moreover,":[84],"they":[85],"show":[86],"strong":[88],"sensitivity":[89],"input":[91],"order:":[92],"often":[95],"classified":[96],"appears":[102],"first,":[103],"regardless":[104],"of":[105,119,123,130,147],"any":[106],"follows,":[110],"and":[111],"vice":[112],"versa.":[113],"These":[114],"findings":[115],"underscore":[116],"importance":[118],"evaluating":[120],"is,":[127],"reliability":[129],"their":[131],"output":[132],"scores.":[133],"To":[134],"address":[135],"this,":[136],"we":[137],"developed":[138],"general,":[139],"automatic,":[140],"concatenation-based":[141],"tests":[142,158],"assess":[144],"key":[145],"properties":[146],"these":[148],"metrics.":[149],"in":[152,162],"model":[154],"scenario,":[156],"revealed":[159],"significant":[160],"inconsistencies":[161],"evaluations.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2024-12-20T00:00:00"}
