{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403965703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.03789","title":"Counterfactuals and Uncertainty-Based Explainable Paradigm for the Automated Detection and Segmentation of Renal Cysts in Computed Tomography Images: A Multi-Center Study","display_name":"Counterfactuals and Uncertainty-Based Explainable Paradigm for the Automated Detection and Segmentation of Renal Cysts in Computed Tomography Images: A Multi-Center Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403965703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.03789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.03789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.03789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.03789","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034894826","display_name":"Zohaib Salahuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-329X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salahuddin, Zohaib","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078319251","display_name":"Abdalla Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-5755"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim, Abdalla","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kuang, Sheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuang, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054202166","display_name":"Yousif Widaatalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0652-8661"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Widaatalla, Yousif","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051491544","display_name":"Razvan L. Miclea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-3020"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miclea, Razvan L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024098801","display_name":"Oliver Morin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morin, Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025355070","display_name":"Spencer C. Behr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-0543"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behr, Spencer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060939487","display_name":"Marnix P. M. Kop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3047-7366"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kop, Marnix P. M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019860414","display_name":"Tom Marcelissen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-1062"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelissen, Tom","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089920379","display_name":"Patricia Zondervan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-078X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zondervan, Patricia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081656507","display_name":"Auke Jager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-7262"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jager, Auke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058987737","display_name":"Philippe Lambin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-0191"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lambin, Philippe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001892623","display_name":"Henry C. Woodruff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-5123"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woodruff, Henry C","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9251999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.6628695726394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6048669815063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.5992815494537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.5622492432594299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4466012418270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4398728311061859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.4144865870475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40936651825904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.40334996581077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.37582460045814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3652479648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21570035815238953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.6628695726394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6048669815063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.5992815494537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.5622492432594299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4466012418270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4398728311061859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.4144865870475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40936651825904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.40334996581077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.37582460045814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3652479648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21570035815238953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.03789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.03789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.03789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.03789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.03789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.03789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1298692384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"733008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322777","funder_display_name":"KWF Kankerbestrijding"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2719010513","display_name":"Optimal treatment for patients with solid tumours in Europe through Artificial intelligence","funder_award_id":"101034347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4737948240","display_name":"A European Cancer Image Platform Linked to Biological and Health Data for Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence and Precision Medicine in Oncology","funder_award_id":"952103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5502825838","display_name":"Clinical proof of concept through a randomised phase II study: a combination of immunotherapy and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy as a curative treatment for limited metastatic lung cancer","funder_award_id":"733008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6105589722","display_name":"The malignant Glioma immuno-oncology matchmaker: towards data-driven precision medicine using spatially resolved radio-multiomics","funder_award_id":"101136670","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6632400785","display_name":"KidnAI: Automatische detectie, segmentatie en classificatie van laesies in abdominale medische beeldvorming - naar een virtuele biopsie","funder_award_id":"14449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322777","funder_display_name":"KWF Kankerbestrijding"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7202388024","display_name":"Accelerating the lab to market transition of AI tools for cancer management","funder_award_id":"952172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7449509917","display_name":"International Clinical Validation of Radiomics Artificial Intelligence for Breast Cancer Treatment Planning","funder_award_id":"101057699","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7770515289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101100633","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G829792167","display_name":"AI powered Data Curation & Publishing Virtual Assistant","funder_award_id":"101057062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8595497582","display_name":"Real-world-data Enabled Assessment for heaLth regulatory decision-Making","funder_award_id":"101095435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307770","display_name":"AstraZeneca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r9x1a08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322777","display_name":"KWF Kankerbestrijding","ror":"https://ror.org/0368jnd28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403965703.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403965703.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2598664120","https://openalex.org/W2056582926","https://openalex.org/W1252480625","https://openalex.org/W3028884462","https://openalex.org/W2168582470","https://openalex.org/W4291213313","https://openalex.org/W4287775150","https://openalex.org/W1813984835","https://openalex.org/W3096942073","https://openalex.org/W2776321204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routine":[0],"computed":[1],"tomography":[2],"(CT)":[3],"scans":[4],"often":[5],"detect":[6,56],"a":[7,71,125,208],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"of":[10,14,23,88,104,185,195,201,211],"renal":[11,218],"cysts,":[12],"some":[13],"which":[15],"may":[16],"be":[17],"malignant.":[18],"Early":[19],"and":[20,44,57,67,92,144,168,176,204],"precise":[21],"localization":[22],"these":[24,121],"cysts":[25,219],"can":[26,55],"significantly":[27],"aid":[28],"quantitative":[29],"image":[30,150,163,213,241],"analysis.":[31],"Current":[32],"segmentation":[33,65,106,137,166,188,227,233,244],"methods,":[34],"however,":[35],"do":[36],"not":[37,229],"offer":[38],"sufficient":[39],"interpretability":[40,238],"at":[41],"the":[42,48,85,98,102,105,142,186,196,212,216],"feature":[43],"pixel":[45],"levels,":[46],"emphasizing":[47],"necessity":[49],"for":[50,111,141,148],"an":[51,63],"explainable":[52],"framework":[53,66,228],"that":[54,220],"rectify":[58],"model":[59,107,170],"inaccuracies.":[60],"We":[61],"developed":[62],"interpretable":[64],"validated":[68],"it":[69],"on":[70],"multi-centric":[72],"dataset.":[73],"A":[74],"Variational":[75],"Autoencoder":[76],"Generative":[77],"Adversarial":[78],"Network":[79],"(VAE-GAN)":[80],"was":[81,190],"employed":[82],"to":[83,132,222],"learn":[84],"latent":[86,99],"representation":[87,100],"3D":[89],"input":[90,94],"patches":[91],"reconstruct":[93],"images.":[95],"Modifications":[96],"in":[97,161],"using":[101,124,192],"gradient":[103],"generated":[108],"counterfactual":[109,122,149,202],"explanations":[110,157,203],"varying":[112],"dice":[113,179],"similarity":[114],"coefficients":[115],"(DSC).":[116],"Radiomics":[117,172],"features":[118,164,173,214,242],"extracted":[119],"from":[120],"images,":[123],"ground":[126],"truth":[127],"cyst":[128,162],"mask,":[129],"were":[130,181],"analyzed":[131],"determine":[133],"their":[134],"correlation":[135],"with":[136,178],"performance.":[138,245],"The":[139,183,199,225],"DSCs":[140],"original":[143],"VAE-GAN":[145],"reconstructed":[146],"images":[147],"generation":[151],"showed":[152,169],"no":[153],"significant":[154],"differences.":[155],"Counterfactual":[156],"highlighted":[158],"how":[159,240],"variations":[160],"influence":[165],"outcomes":[167],"discrepancies.":[171],"correlating":[174],"positively":[175],"negatively":[177],"scores":[180],"identified.":[182],"uncertainty":[184,205],"predicted":[187],"masks":[189],"estimated":[191],"posterior":[193],"sampling":[194],"weight":[197],"space.":[198],"combination":[200],"maps":[206],"provided":[207],"deeper":[209],"understanding":[210],"within":[215],"segmented":[217],"lead":[221],"high":[223,232],"uncertainty.":[224],"proposed":[226],"only":[230],"achieved":[231],"accuracy":[234],"but":[235],"also":[236],"increased":[237],"regarding":[239],"impact":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}