{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398794940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.13063","title":"A Foundation Model for the Earth System","display_name":"A Foundation Model for the Earth System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398794940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.13063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.13063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.13063","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053576615","display_name":"Cristian Bodnar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-4616"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bodnar, Cristian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022158131","display_name":"Wessel P. Bruinsma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruinsma, Wessel P.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018957074","display_name":"Ana Lu\u010di\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-445X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucic, Ana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102676458","display_name":"Megan Stanley","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley, Megan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064975808","display_name":"Anna Vaughan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9161-5830"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaughan, Anna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107411550","display_name":"J. Brandstetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3881-976X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandstetter, Johannes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098821021","display_name":"Patrick Garvan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garvan, Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044063818","display_name":"Maik Riechert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-1382"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riechert, Maik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013687804","display_name":"Jonathan A. Weyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-7594"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weyn, Jonathan A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057287814","display_name":"Haiyu Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Haiyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104105608","display_name":"Jayesh K. Gupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gupta, Jayesh K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thambiratnam, Kit","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thambiratnam, Kit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042559521","display_name":"Alexander T. Archibald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-4180"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Archibald, Alexander T.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wu, Chun-Chieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Chun-Chieh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040088922","display_name":"E. Heider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8392-1483"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heider, Elizabeth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087368991","display_name":"Max Welling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-2121"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Welling, Max","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055253132","display_name":"Richard E. Turner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turner, Richard E.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002562845","display_name":"Paris Perdikaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-3229"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perdikaris, Paris","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.3734000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.3734000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.8375545740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmosphere","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","score":0.8056802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.4982459545135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.34112924337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3289322257041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.3176356256008148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20015570521354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17279687523841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.12248808145523071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.8375545740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8056802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.4982459545135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34112924337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3289322257041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3176356256008148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20015570521354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17279687523841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.12248808145523071}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.13063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.13063","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.13063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.13063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.13063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.13063","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2381393187","https://openalex.org/W2332779545","https://openalex.org/W2379158985","https://openalex.org/W2358060160","https://openalex.org/W2035483685","https://openalex.org/W1969764885","https://openalex.org/W596947562","https://openalex.org/W2952265190","https://openalex.org/W2793937822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"forecasts":[1,62],"of":[2,56,77],"the":[3,47,87],"Earth":[4,48,108],"system":[5,49,109],"are":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,46,63],"human":[9],"progress":[10,104],"and":[11,25,71],"safety":[12],"from":[13],"natural":[14],"disasters.":[15],"Artificial":[16],"intelligence":[17],"offers":[18],"substantial":[19],"potential":[20],"to":[21,89,92,112],"improve":[22],"prediction":[23],"accuracy":[24],"computational":[26,80,99],"efficiency":[27],"in":[28,35,105],"this":[29,32],"field,":[30],"however":[31],"remains":[33],"underexplored":[34],"many":[36],"domains.":[37],"Here":[38],"we":[39],"introduce":[40],"Aurora,":[41],"a":[42,53],"large-scale":[43],"foundation":[44],"model":[45],"trained":[50],"on":[51],"over":[52],"million":[54],"hours":[55],"diverse":[57,93],"data.":[58],"Aurora":[59,91,101],"outperforms":[60],"operational":[61],"air":[64],"quality,":[65],"ocean":[66],"waves,":[67],"tropical":[68],"cyclone":[69],"tracks,":[70],"high-resolution":[72],"weather":[73],"forecasting":[74],"at":[75,96],"orders":[76],"magnitude":[78],"smaller":[79],"expense":[81],"than":[82],"dedicated":[83],"existing":[84],"systems.":[85],"With":[86],"ability":[88],"fine-tune":[90],"application":[94],"domains":[95],"only":[97],"modest":[98],"cost,":[100],"represents":[102],"significant":[103],"making":[106],"actionable":[107],"predictions":[110],"accessible":[111],"anyone.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-09-05T08:02:43.246662","created_date":"2024-05-25T00:00:00"}