{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398230654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.12961","title":"Aligning Transformers with Continuous Feedback via Energy Rank Alignment","display_name":"Aligning Transformers with Continuous Feedback via Energy Rank Alignment","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398230654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.12961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.12961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.12961","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.12961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.12961","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055892938","display_name":"Shriram Chennakesavalu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4750-8923"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chennakesavalu, Shriram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056459536","display_name":"Frank B. Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8233-6274"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098768003","display_name":"Sebastian Ibarraran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibarraran, Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071403558","display_name":"Grant M. Rotskoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-5179"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rotskoff, Grant M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055892938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.621999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.621999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13297","display_name":"History and advancements in chemistry","score":0.5504999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.5116999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.6892222762107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.6320885419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.6216521263122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5870562791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4888560175895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.388619601726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3005518913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28529244661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22531172633171082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.2243565022945404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.6892222762107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6320885419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.6216521263122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5870562791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4888560175895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.388619601726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3005518913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28529244661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22531172633171082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.2243565022945404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.12961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.12961","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.12961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.12961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.12961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.12961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.12961","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.12961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398230654.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090624569","https://openalex.org/W2112835755","https://openalex.org/W4291951920","https://openalex.org/W2349674371","https://openalex.org/W2097495471","https://openalex.org/W1696545756","https://openalex.org/W2952827811","https://openalex.org/W2056202066","https://openalex.org/W2963262648","https://openalex.org/W4301867002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Searching":[0],"through":[1,200],"chemical":[2,29,63,204],"space":[3],"is":[4,108,145,167],"an":[5,77,86,128,139],"exceptionally":[6],"challenging":[7],"problem":[8,50,55],"because":[9],"the":[10,18,53,133,136,160],"number":[11,19,161],"of":[12,20,28,138,162,203],"possible":[13],"molecules":[14,43,183],"grows":[15],"combinatorially":[16],"with":[17,44,132,188],"atoms.":[21],"Large,":[22],"autoregressive":[23,100],"models":[24,180],"trained":[25],"on":[26],"databases":[27],"compounds":[30],"have":[31,66],"yielded":[32],"powerful":[33],"generators,":[34],"but":[35,121],"we":[36,65,75,96],"still":[37],"lack":[38],"robust":[39],"strategies":[40],"for":[41,56,61],"generating":[42],"desired":[45],"properties.":[46],"This":[47],"molecular":[48,175],"search":[49],"closely":[51,109],"resembles":[52],"\"alignment\"":[54],"large":[57],"language":[58,179],"models,":[59],"though":[60],"many":[62],"tasks":[64],"a":[67,92,123],"specific":[68],"and":[69,116,153,177,184,192],"easily":[70],"evaluable":[71],"reward":[72,88,134],"function.":[73,141],"Here,":[74],"introduce":[76],"algorithm":[78,107,144],"called":[79],"energy":[80,140],"rank":[81],"alignment":[82],"(ERA)":[83],"that":[84,95,105,125,194],"leverages":[85],"explicit":[87],"function":[89],"to":[90,98,111,127,157,173,181],"produce":[91],"gradient-based":[93],"objective":[94],"use":[97],"optimize":[99],"policies.":[101],"We":[102,169],"show":[103],"theoretically":[104],"this":[106,143,171],"related":[110],"proximal":[112],"policy":[113],"optimization":[114,119],"(PPO)":[115],"direct":[117],"preference":[118,163],"(DPO),":[120],"has":[122],"minimizer":[124],"converges":[126],"ideal":[129],"Gibbs-Boltzmann":[130],"distribution":[131],"playing":[135],"role":[137],"Furthermore,":[142],"highly":[146],"scalable,":[147],"does":[148,196],"not":[149],"require":[150],"reinforcement":[151],"learning,":[152],"performs":[154],"well":[155],"relative":[156],"DPO":[158],"when":[159],"observations":[164],"per":[165],"pairing":[166],"small.":[168],"deploy":[170],"approach":[172],"align":[174],"transformers":[176],"protein":[178,185],"generate":[182],"sequences,":[186],"respectively,":[187],"externally":[189],"specified":[190],"properties":[191],"find":[193],"it":[195],"so":[197],"robustly,":[198],"searching":[199],"diverse":[201],"parts":[202],"space.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2024-05-23T00:00:00"}