{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395443318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.14712","title":"ORBIT: Oak Ridge Base Foundation Model for Earth System Predictability","display_name":"ORBIT: Oak Ridge Base Foundation Model for Earth System Predictability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395443318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.14712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.14712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14712","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411529","display_name":"Xiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3971-4468"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101745653","display_name":"Siyan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5091-7031"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Siyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006493183","display_name":"Aristeidis Tsaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-3349"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsaris, Aristeidis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102654529","display_name":"Jong-Youl Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choi, Jong-Youl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aji, Ashwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aji, Ashwin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083773050","display_name":"Ming Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3587-2795"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441621","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-2135"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051882926","display_name":"Junqi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3843-5520"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin, Junqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012717451","display_name":"Moetasim Ashfaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-3027"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashfaq, Moetasim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100737347","display_name":"Dan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-8250"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068721920","display_name":"Prasanna Balaprakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-5715"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaprakash, Prasanna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.8337084054946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.7168634533882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ridge","display_name":"Ridge","score":0.5527049899101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.5022861957550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbit","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","score":0.4911513030529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4408465325832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.3710930347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34847086668014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.30051320791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2143397033214569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19428417086601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18068858981132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.15011721849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.13079509139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09489443898200989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.8337084054946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.7168634533882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32277403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740445","display_name":"Ridge","level":2,"score":0.5527049899101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5022861957550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4911513030529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4408465325832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3710930347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34847086668014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.30051320791244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2143397033214569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19428417086601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18068858981132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.15011721849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.13079509139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09489443898200989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.14712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14712","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.14712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.14712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.14712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14712","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4395443318.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2726467123","https://openalex.org/W2064726690","https://openalex.org/W4252678288","https://openalex.org/W4254065731","https://openalex.org/W1607297154","https://openalex.org/W4210820789","https://openalex.org/W4237782192","https://openalex.org/W2913177154","https://openalex.org/W4235131201","https://openalex.org/W4232793539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Earth":[0,47,64,155],"system":[1,48,156],"predictability":[2],"is":[3],"challenged":[4],"by":[5,23,32,104],"the":[6,12,43,57,89,97,112,154],"complexity":[7],"of":[8,14,46,92],"environmental":[9],"dynamics":[10],"and":[11,26,35,148],"multitude":[13],"variables":[15],"involved.":[16],"Current":[17],"AI":[18,100],"foundation":[19,101],"models,":[20],"although":[21],"advanced":[22,69],"leveraging":[24],"large":[25],"heterogeneous":[27],"data,":[28],"are":[29],"often":[30],"constrained":[31],"their":[33,39],"size":[34,103],"data":[36],"integration,":[37],"limiting":[38],"effectiveness":[40],"in":[41,144],"addressing":[42],"full":[44],"range":[45],"prediction":[49],"challenges.":[50],"To":[51],"overcome":[52],"these":[53],"limitations,":[54],"we":[55],"introduce":[56],"Oak":[58],"Ridge":[59],"Base":[60],"Foundation":[61],"Model":[62],"for":[63],"System":[65],"Predictability":[66],"(ORBIT),":[67],"an":[68],"vision":[70],"transformer":[71],"model":[72,91,102],"that":[73,117],"scales":[74],"up":[75],"to":[76,122,133,151],"113":[77],"billion":[78],"parameters":[79],"using":[80],"a":[81,105],"novel":[82],"hybrid":[83],"tensor-data":[84],"orthogonal":[85],"parallelism":[86],"technique.":[87],"As":[88],"largest":[90],"its":[93],"kind,":[94],"ORBIT":[95,118],"surpasses":[96],"current":[98],"climate":[99,146],"thousandfold.":[106],"Performance":[107],"scaling":[108,128],"tests":[109],"conducted":[110],"on":[111],"Frontier":[113],"supercomputer":[114],"have":[115],"demonstrated":[116],"achieves":[119],"684":[120],"petaFLOPS":[121],"1.6":[123],"exaFLOPS":[124],"sustained":[125],"throughput,":[126],"with":[127],"efficiency":[129],"maintained":[130],"at":[131],"41%":[132],"85%":[134],"across":[135],"49,152":[136],"AMD":[137],"GPUs.":[138],"These":[139],"breakthroughs":[140],"establish":[141],"new":[142],"advances":[143],"AI-driven":[145],"modeling":[147],"demonstrate":[149],"promise":[150],"significantly":[152],"improve":[153],"predictability.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
