{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392737120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.06009","title":"Detectors for Safe and Reliable LLMs: Implementations, Uses, and Limitations","display_name":"Detectors for Safe and Reliable LLMs: Implementations, Uses, and Limitations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392737120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.06009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.06009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.06009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.06009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.06009","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094134742","display_name":"Swapnaja Achintalwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5575-8214","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5575-8214"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achintalwar, Swapnaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067725152","display_name":"Adriana Alvarado Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-3777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-3777"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garcia, Adriana Alvarado","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078882226","display_name":"Ateret Anaby-Tavor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anaby-Tavor, Ateret","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073341059","display_name":"Ioana Baldini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-9866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-9866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baldini, Ioana","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015278204","display_name":"Sara Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-4421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-4421"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berger, Sara E.","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069125151","display_name":"Bishwaranjan Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7097-4891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7097-4891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhattacharjee, Bishwaranjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055394860","display_name":"Djallel Bouneffouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-7513","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-7513"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bouneffouf, Djallel","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000750466","display_name":"Subhajit Chaudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-2584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-2584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaudhury, Subhajit","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050344371","display_name":"Pin\u2010Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-8369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-8369","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1182-583X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Pin-Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070226727","display_name":"Lamogha Chiazor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiazor, Lamogha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029550449","display_name":"Elizabeth Daly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-3683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-3683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daly, Elizabeth M.","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"DB, Kirushikesh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DB, Kirushikesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046707914","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Abreu de Paula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"de Paula, Rog\u00e9rio Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006329390","display_name":"Pierre Dognin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-6005","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-6005"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dognin, Pierre","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064288943","display_name":"Eitan Farchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-1488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-1488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farchi, Eitan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077112143","display_name":"Soumya Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0641","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-3516"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghosh, Soumya","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048793009","display_name":"Michael Hind","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hind, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059675637","display_name":"Raya Horesh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horesh, Raya","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057593631","display_name":"George Kour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-3134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-3134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kour, George","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lee, Ja Young","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Ja Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Madaan, Nishtha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madaan, Nishtha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mehta, Sameep","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehta, Sameep","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094134743","display_name":"Erik Miehling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miehling, Erik","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104188415","display_name":"Keerthiram Murugesan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-522X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6847-522X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murugesan, Keerthiram","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064475546","display_name":"Manish Nagireddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-2546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-2546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nagireddy, Manish","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001662671","display_name":"Inkit Padhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-1812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7484-1812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padhi, Inkit","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076670713","display_name":"David Piorkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-4902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-4902"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piorkowski, David","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050489428","display_name":"Ambrish Rawat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-4567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-4567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawat, Ambrish","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017886143","display_name":"Orna Raz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1505-3060","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1505-3060"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raz, Orna","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060534465","display_name":"Prasanna Sattigeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-0486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-0486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sattigeri, Prasanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084459196","display_name":"Hendrik Strobelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-1683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-1683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Strobelt, Hendrik","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061711435","display_name":"Sarathkrishna Swaminathan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swaminathan, Sarathkrishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001253909","display_name":"Christoph Tillmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tillmann, Christoph","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080640298","display_name":"Aashka Trivedi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trivedi, Aashka","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015286159","display_name":"Kush R. Varshney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-5536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-5536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varshney, Kush R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103053820","display_name":"Dennis Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-1537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-1537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Dennis","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094134744","display_name":"Shalisha Witherspooon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Witherspooon, Shalisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044387085","display_name":"Marcel Zalmanovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2676-471X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2676-471X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zalmanovici, Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.6000999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.6000999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.24410000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11749999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-model-safety","display_name":"large language model safety","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-detection","display_name":"harm detection","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-detection","display_name":"bias detection","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity-detection","display_name":"toxicity detection","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector-model","display_name":"detector model","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guardrails","display_name":"guardrails","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-deployment","display_name":"LLM deployment","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.7597527503967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.462923526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4400046467781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.37634575366973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2854715585708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16348326206207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.11167880892753601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.06009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.06009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.06009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.06009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.06009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.06009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.06009","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.06009","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.06009","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392737120.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392737120.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W797688974","https://openalex.org/W2002978035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,76,99],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"susceptible":[5],"to":[6,14,20,39,64,85,105],"a":[7,45,68,91],"variety":[8],"of":[9,70,94],"risks,":[10],"from":[11,101],"non-faithful":[12],"output":[13],"biased":[15],"and":[16,51,66,73,120,131],"toxic":[17],"generations.":[18],"Due":[19],"several":[21],"limiting":[22],"factors":[23],"surrounding":[24],"LLMs":[25],"(training":[26],"cost,":[27],"API":[28],"access,":[29],"data":[30],"availability,":[31],"etc.),":[32],"it":[33],"may":[34],"not":[35],"always":[36],"be":[37],"feasible":[38],"impose":[40],"direct":[41],"safety":[42],"constraints":[43],"on":[44],"deployed":[46],"model.":[47],"Therefore,":[48],"an":[49],"efficient":[50],"reliable":[52,130],"alternative":[53],"is":[54],"required.":[55],"To":[56],"this":[57],"end,":[58],"we":[59,89],"present":[60],"our":[61],"ongoing":[62],"efforts":[63],"create":[65],"deploy":[67],"library":[69],"detectors:":[71],"compact":[72],"easy-to-build":[74],"classification":[75],"that":[77],"provide":[78],"labels":[79],"for":[80,96],"various":[81],"harms.":[82],"In":[83],"addition":[84],"the":[86,127],"detectors":[87,128],"themselves,":[88],"discuss":[90,121],"wide":[92],"range":[93],"uses":[95],"these":[97],"detector":[98],"-":[100],"acting":[102],"as":[103],"guardrails":[104],"enabling":[106],"effective":[107],"AI":[108],"governance.":[109],"We":[110],"also":[111],"deep":[112],"dive":[113],"into":[114],"inherent":[115],"challenges":[116],"in":[117],"their":[118,133],"development":[119],"future":[122],"work":[123],"aimed":[124],"at":[125],"making":[126],"more":[129],"broadening":[132],"scope.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-30T09:27:27.532063","created_date":"2024-03-13T00:00:00"}
