{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391631558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.03563","title":"Distinguishing the Knowable from the Unknowable with Language Models","display_name":"Distinguishing the Knowable from the Unknowable with Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391631558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.03563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.03563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03563","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054355245","display_name":"Gustaf Ahdritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-5324"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahdritz, Gustaf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393510","display_name":"Tian Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5565-6744"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102775428","display_name":"Nikhil Vyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-7693"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vyas, Nikhil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102710346","display_name":"Boaz Barak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4053-8927"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barak, Boaz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035088357","display_name":"Benjamin Edelman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-2836"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edelman, Benjamin L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054355245"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.13189999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.13189999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4041808247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3613874316215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.349020779132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2502775192260742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4041808247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3613874316215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.349020779132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2502775192260742}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.03563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.03563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.03563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.03563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1264789558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF2010021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2078244491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF201002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2906497980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-213415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3521671702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2134157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4720003262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4776870722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5224039946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0022199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5877837315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0022199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6755165505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6894402473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G826810440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2229881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391631558.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2053487507","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2083375246","https://openalex.org/W2067108088","https://openalex.org/W2085372204","https://openalex.org/W4391301621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,68],"study":[1],"the":[2,21,25,36,65,76,92,119],"feasibility":[3],"of":[4,11,27,38,78,136,139,151],"identifying":[5],"epistemic":[6],"uncertainty":[7,17,140],"(reflecting":[8,18],"a":[9,43,51,55,62,110],"lack":[10],"knowledge),":[12],"as":[13,61,128],"opposed":[14],"to":[15,48,104,146],"aleatoric":[16],"entropy":[19],"in":[20,24,46,60,154],"underlying":[22],"distribution),":[23],"outputs":[26],"large":[28],"language":[29],"models":[30,81,86],"(LLMs)":[31],"over":[32],"free-form":[33],"text.":[34],"In":[35],"absence":[37],"ground-truth":[39],"probabilities,":[40],"we":[41,108,124],"explore":[42],"setting":[44],"where,":[45],"order":[47],"(approximately)":[49],"disentangle":[50],"given":[52],"LLM's":[53],"uncertainty,":[54],"significantly":[56],"larger":[57,85],"model":[58,152],"stands":[59],"proxy":[63],"for":[64],"ground":[66],"truth.":[67],"show":[69],"that":[70,96,114,130,141],"small":[71],"linear":[72],"probes":[73,97],"trained":[74,98],"on":[75,99,118],"embeddings":[77],"frozen,":[79],"pretrained":[80],"accurately":[82],"predict":[83],"when":[84],"will":[87],"be":[88,144],"more":[89,148],"confident":[90],"at":[91],"token":[93],"level":[94],"and":[95],"one":[100],"text":[101],"domain":[102],"generalize":[103],"others.":[105],"Going":[106],"further,":[107],"propose":[109],"fully":[111],"unsupervised":[112],"method":[113],"achieves":[115],"non-trivial":[116],"accuracy":[117],"same":[120],"task.":[121],"Taken":[122],"together,":[123],"interpret":[125],"these":[126],"results":[127],"evidence":[129],"LLMs":[131],"naturally":[132],"contain":[133],"internal":[134],"representations":[135],"different":[137],"types":[138],"could":[142],"potentially":[143],"leveraged":[145],"devise":[147],"informative":[149],"indicators":[150],"confidence":[153],"diverse":[155],"practical":[156],"settings.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
