{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390833194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.05654","title":"Towards Conversational Diagnostic AI","display_name":"Towards Conversational Diagnostic AI","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390833194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.05654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2401.05654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05654","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05654","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05654","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059213795","display_name":"Tao Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-7889"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tu, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093254211","display_name":"Anil Palepu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Palepu, Anil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025626087","display_name":"Mike Schaekermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1735-9680"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schaekermann, Mike","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061240205","display_name":"Khaled Saab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-0469"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saab, Khaled","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078984106","display_name":"Jan Freyberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Freyberg, Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064157732","display_name":"Ryutaro Tanno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8107-6730"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanno, Ryutaro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101522895","display_name":"Amy Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-5877"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Amy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040350204","display_name":"Brenna Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3692-243X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Brenna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102999001","display_name":"Mohamed Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4874-8272"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin, Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057195145","display_name":"Nenad Toma\u0161ev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1624-0220"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasev, Nenad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047463591","display_name":"Shekoofeh Azizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7447-6031"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azizi, Shekoofeh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027454515","display_name":"Karan Singhal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-7490"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singhal, Karan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101080438","display_name":"Yong Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101561297","display_name":"Le Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou, Le","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056219662","display_name":"Albert Webson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Webson, Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088773552","display_name":"Kavita Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-3623"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kulkarni, Kavita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063201022","display_name":"S. Sara Mahdavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6823-598X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdavi, S Sara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010171106","display_name":"Christopher Semturs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-2773"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Semturs, Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057932939","display_name":"Juraj Gottweis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gottweis, Juraj","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043862316","display_name":"Jo\u00eblle Barral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0432-5148"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barral, Joelle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070366042","display_name":"Katherine Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-7857"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chou, Katherine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068955381","display_name":"Greg S. Corrado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8817-0992"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado, Greg S","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065128060","display_name":"Yossi Matias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-6002"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matias, Yossi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003509342","display_name":"Alan Karthikesalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-898X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthikesalingam, Alan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103234563","display_name":"Vivek Natarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-2074"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natarajan, Vivek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":25,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059213795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6444479823112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.6295995712280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/objective-structured-clinical-examination","display_name":"Objective structured clinical examination","score":0.5947213768959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.47407856583595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-history","display_name":"Medical history","score":0.47138816118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.45068731904029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"Primary care","score":0.44140633940696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-care","display_name":"Patient care","score":0.4336645305156708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4216132164001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.41643622517585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41329073905944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3961804211139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3745619058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.35708504915237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.2594537138938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-medicine","display_name":"Family medicine","score":0.25650885701179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.17966163158416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.15248006582260132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6444479823112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.6295995712280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11237593","display_name":"Objective structured clinical examination","level":2,"score":0.5947213768959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.47407856583595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206179267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188952","display_name":"Medical history","level":2,"score":0.47138816118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.45068731904029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.44140633940696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.4336645305156708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4216132164001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.41643622517585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41329073905944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3961804211139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3745619058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35708504915237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2594537138938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.25650885701179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17966163158416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.15248006582260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2401.05654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05654","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05654","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.05654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.05654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2401.05654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05654","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05654","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317153","display_name":"DeepMind","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390833194.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022249999","https://openalex.org/W2790197180","https://openalex.org/W2321298859","https://openalex.org/W2020597600","https://openalex.org/W2623239735","https://openalex.org/W2914237138","https://openalex.org/W2049690772","https://openalex.org/W2588590131","https://openalex.org/W1982855370","https://openalex.org/W2300930243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"the":[1,6,13,135,155,244],"heart":[2],"of":[3,28,37,98,116,127,137,183,192,227],"medicine":[4],"lies":[5],"physician-patient":[7],"dialogue,":[8],"where":[9],"skillful":[10],"history-taking":[11],"paves":[12],"way":[14],"for":[15,65,80,94,161],"accurate":[16],"diagnosis,":[17],"effective":[18],"management,":[19],"and":[20,35,88,108,157,165,170,178,190,204],"enduring":[21],"trust.":[22],"Artificial":[23],"Intelligence":[24,54],"(AI)":[25],"systems":[26],"capable":[27],"diagnostic":[29,66,102,176,251],"dialogue":[30],"could":[31,238],"increase":[32],"accessibility,":[33],"consistency,":[34],"quality":[36],"care.":[38],"However,":[39],"approximating":[40],"clinicians'":[41],"expertise":[42],"is":[43,224,234],"an":[44,138],"outstanding":[45],"grand":[46],"challenge.":[47],"Here,":[48],"we":[49],"introduce":[50],"AMIE":[51,68,173,237],"(Articulate":[52],"Medical":[53],"Explorer),":[55],"a":[56,70,92,122,247],"Large":[57],"Language":[58],"Model":[59],"(LLM)":[60],"based":[61,73],"AI":[62],"system":[63],"optimized":[64],"dialogue.":[67],"uses":[69],"novel":[71],"self-play":[72],"simulated":[74],"environment":[75],"with":[76,130,163,208],"automated":[77],"feedback":[78],"mechanisms":[79],"scaling":[81],"learning":[82],"across":[83],"diverse":[84],"disease":[85],"conditions,":[86],"specialties,":[87],"contexts.":[89],"We":[90,110],"designed":[91],"framework":[93],"evaluating":[95],"clinically-meaningful":[96],"axes":[97,185,194],"performance":[99,113,180],"including":[100],"history-taking,":[101],"accuracy,":[103],"management":[104],"reasoning,":[105],"communication":[106],"skills,":[107],"empathy.":[109],"compared":[111],"AMIE's":[112],"to":[114,187,196,214,241],"that":[115],"primary":[117],"care":[118],"physicians":[119,169,189],"(PCPs)":[120],"in":[121,134,153],"randomized,":[123],"double-blind":[124],"crossover":[125],"study":[126,145],"text-based":[128],"consultations":[129],"validated":[131],"patient":[132,171,197],"actors":[133],"style":[136],"Objective":[139],"Structured":[140],"Clinical":[141],"Examination":[142],"(OSCE).":[143],"The":[144],"included":[146],"149":[147],"case":[148],"scenarios":[149],"from":[150],"clinical":[151,229],"providers":[152],"Canada,":[154],"UK,":[156],"India,":[158],"20":[159],"PCPs":[160],"comparison":[162],"AMIE,":[164],"evaluations":[166],"by":[167],"specialist":[168,188],"actors.":[172,198],"demonstrated":[174],"greater":[175],"accuracy":[177],"superior":[179],"on":[181],"28":[182],"32":[184],"according":[186,195],"24":[191],"26":[193],"Our":[199],"research":[200,233],"has":[201],"several":[202],"limitations":[203],"should":[205],"be":[206,239],"interpreted":[207],"appropriate":[209],"caution.":[210],"Clinicians":[211],"were":[212],"limited":[213],"unfamiliar":[215],"synchronous":[216],"text-chat":[217],"which":[218],"permits":[219],"large-scale":[220],"LLM-patient":[221],"interactions":[222],"but":[223],"not":[225],"representative":[226],"usual":[228],"practice.":[230],"While":[231],"further":[232],"required":[235],"before":[236],"translated":[240],"real-world":[242],"settings,":[243],"results":[245],"represent":[246],"milestone":[248],"towards":[249],"conversational":[250],"AI.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}