{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390056737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.12391","title":"vTrain: A Simulation Framework for Evaluating Cost-effective and Compute-optimal Large Language Model Training","display_name":"vTrain: A Simulation Framework for Evaluating Cost-effective and Compute-optimal Large Language Model Training","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390056737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.12391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.12391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.12391","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.12391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.12391","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113077693","display_name":"J. Bang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bang, Jehyeon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101287380","display_name":"Yujeong Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choi, Yujeong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058815446","display_name":"Myeongwoo Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Myeongwoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083978369","display_name":"Yongdeok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-0604"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Yongdeok","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091648103","display_name":"Minsoo Rhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-8681"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhu, Minsoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113077693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8328709602355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.6282617449760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6112391948699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.5288195013999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4806976914405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-efficiency","display_name":"Cost efficiency","score":0.4273841381072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4202912151813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.41169142723083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39520394802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3535389304161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.19774958491325378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.14727827906608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13138213753700256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8328709602355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6282617449760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6112391948699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5288195013999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4806976914405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11644782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401790","display_name":"Cost efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4273841381072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4202912151813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.41169142723083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39520394802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3535389304161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.19774958491325378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.14727827906608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13138213753700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.12391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.12391","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.12391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.12391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.12391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.12391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.12391","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.12391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1109616747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A2C2091753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1225283220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G515828364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. RS-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6281998519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00395134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6820354032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A2C2091753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7822388480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00395134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315121","display_name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390056737.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390056737.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4394360958","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W2161444195","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"large":[1,24],"language":[2],"models":[3,26],"(LLMs)":[4],"become":[5],"widespread":[6],"in":[7,27],"various":[8],"application":[9],"domains,":[10],"a":[11,28,37,53,95,147,153],"critical":[12],"challenge":[13],"the":[14,57,74],"AI":[15,25,93],"community":[16],"is":[17,19,44],"facing":[18],"how":[20],"to":[21,68,101],"train":[22],"these":[23],"cost-effective":[29,106],"manner.":[30],"Existing":[31],"LLM":[32,61,107,142,149],"training":[33,41,82,108,123,128,133,143],"plans":[34],"typically":[35],"employ":[36],"heuristic":[38],"based":[39,45],"parallel":[40],"strategy":[42],"which":[43],"on":[46,73],"empirical":[47],"observations":[48],"rather":[49],"than":[50],"grounded":[51],"upon":[52],"thorough":[54],"examination":[55],"of":[56,60,78,81],"search":[58],"space":[59],"parallelization.":[62],"Such":[63],"limitation":[64],"renders":[65],"existing":[66],"systems":[67],"leave":[69],"significant":[70],"performance":[71],"left":[72],"table,":[75],"wasting":[76],"millions":[77],"dollars":[79],"worth":[80],"cost.":[83],"This":[84],"paper":[85],"presents":[86],"our":[87],"profiling-driven":[88],"simulator":[89],"called":[90],"vTrain,":[91],"providing":[92],"practitioners":[94],"fast":[96],"yet":[97],"accurate":[98],"software":[99],"framework":[100],"determine":[102],"an":[103],"efficient":[104,135],"and":[105,130,145],"system":[109],"configuration.":[110],"We":[111],"demonstrate":[112],"vTrain's":[113],"practicality":[114],"through":[115],"several":[116],"case":[117],"studies,":[118],"e.g.,":[119],"effectively":[120],"evaluating":[121],"optimal":[122],"parallelization":[124],"strategies":[125],"that":[126],"balances":[127],"time":[129],"its":[131],"associated":[132],"cost,":[134],"multi-tenant":[136],"GPU":[137],"cluster":[138],"schedulers":[139],"targeting":[140],"multiple":[141],"jobs,":[144],"determining":[146],"compute-optimal":[148],"model":[150],"architecture":[151],"given":[152],"fixed":[154],"compute":[155],"budget.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}