{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388928021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.12781","title":"Quantifying Impairment and Disease Severity Using AI Models Trained on Healthy Subjects","display_name":"Quantifying Impairment and Disease Severity Using AI Models Trained on Healthy Subjects","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388928021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.12781","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38045479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:38045479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38045479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":null},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.12781","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013924579","display_name":"Boyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7100-0716"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Boyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034743298","display_name":"Aakash Kaku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-0897"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaku, Aakash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034482431","display_name":"Kangning Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0398-9879"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Kangning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040903251","display_name":"Avinash Parnandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1222"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parnandi, Avinash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073175850","display_name":"Emily E. Fokas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6041-8682"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fokas, Emily","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079568025","display_name":"Anita Venkatesan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatesan, Anita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082609747","display_name":"Natasha Pandit","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pandit, Natasha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022202456","display_name":"Rajesh Ranganath","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranganath, Rajesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023326521","display_name":"Heidi M. Schambra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-2288"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schambra, Heidi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044336556","display_name":"Carlos Fernandez\u2010Granda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-8606"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernandez-Granda, Carlos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.6673955917358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.5920823812484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5465001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.4937933385372162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4935506582260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.4928743839263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.4762047529220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-interval","display_name":"Confidence interval","score":0.4680003523826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.4340294897556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobra","display_name":"Cobra","score":0.4186899662017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2922728657722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29074305295944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.23359417915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.10415920615196228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6673955917358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5920823812484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5465001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4937933385372162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4935506582260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4928743839263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4762047529220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4680003523826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4340294897556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608565","display_name":"Cobra","level":2,"score":0.4186899662017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2922728657722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29074305295944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.23359417915344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.10415920615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:38045479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38045479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.12781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12781","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.12781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10690300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10690300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.12781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.12781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.12781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12781","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.12781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013135944","https://openalex.org/W3082827772","https://openalex.org/W3040253843","https://openalex.org/W2420328433","https://openalex.org/W3020570327","https://openalex.org/W4307011567","https://openalex.org/W2265857976","https://openalex.org/W4213166692","https://openalex.org/W3022609783","https://openalex.org/W4388074864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"assessment":[1,193],"of":[2,35,44,72,76,111,163,178],"impairment":[3,78],"and":[4,101,150],"disease":[5],"severity":[6,177],"is":[7,123],"a":[8,16,69,91],"key":[9,70],"challenge":[10],"in":[11,42,79,119],"data-driven":[12],"medicine.":[13],"We":[14,62],"propose":[15],"novel":[17],"framework":[18],"to":[19,54,67,108,125,166,175],"address":[20,68],"this":[21],"challenge,":[22],"which":[23,97],"leverages":[24],"AI":[25],"models":[26,46],"trained":[27,92],"exclusively":[28],"on":[29,132],"healthy":[30,60],"individuals.":[31],"The":[32,82,114],"COnfidence-Based":[33],"chaRacterization":[34],"Anomalies":[36],"(COBRA)":[37],"score":[38,66,171],"exploits":[39],"the":[40,59,64,109,130,161,164,169],"decrease":[41],"confidence":[43],"these":[45],"when":[47],"presented":[48],"with":[49,129,189],"impaired":[50],"or":[51],"diseased":[52],"patients":[53],"quantify":[55,176],"their":[56],"deviation":[57],"from":[58,104,181],"population.":[61],"applied":[63,174],"COBRA":[65,115,170],"limitation":[71],"current":[73],"clinical":[74,192],"evaluation":[75],"upper-body":[77],"stroke":[80],"patients.":[81],"gold-standard":[83],"Fugl-Meyer":[84],"Assessment":[85],"(FMA)":[86],"requires":[87],"in-person":[88],"administration":[89],"by":[90],"assessor":[93],"for":[94,137],"30-45":[95],"minutes,":[96],"restricts":[98],"monitoring":[99],"frequency":[100],"precludes":[102],"physicians":[103],"adapting":[105],"rehabilitation":[106],"protocols":[107],"progress":[110],"each":[112],"patient.":[113],"score,":[116],"computed":[117],"automatically":[118],"under":[120],"one":[121],"minute,":[122],"shown":[124],"be":[126],"strongly":[127],"correlated":[128],"FMA":[131],"an":[133,190],"independent":[134,191],"test":[135],"cohort":[136],"two":[138],"different":[139],"data":[140],"modalities:":[141],"wearable":[142],"sensors":[143],"($\\rho":[144,152,194],"=":[145,153,195],"0.845$,":[146],"95%":[147,155,197],"CI":[148],"[0.743,0.908])":[149],"video":[151],"0.746$,":[154],"C.I":[156,198],"[0.594,":[157],"0.847]).":[158],"To":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"generalizability":[162],"approach":[165],"other":[167],"conditions,":[168],"was":[172],"also":[173],"knee":[179],"osteoarthritis":[180],"magnetic-resonance":[182],"imaging":[183],"scans,":[184],"again":[185],"achieving":[186],"significant":[187],"correlation":[188],"0.644$,":[196],"[0.585,0.696]).":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2023-11-23T00:00:00"}