{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382490931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15087","title":"WinoQueer: A Community-in-the-Loop Benchmark for Anti-LGBTQ+ Bias in Large Language Models","display_name":"WinoQueer: A Community-in-the-Loop Benchmark for Anti-LGBTQ+ Bias in Large Language Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382490931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.15087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15087","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15087","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075490667","display_name":"Virginia K. Felkner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felkner, Virginia K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059930","display_name":"Ho-Chun Herbert Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-2527"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Ho-Chun Herbert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102967210","display_name":"Eugene Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-6822"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jang, Eugene","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000874697","display_name":"Jonathan May","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-477X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"May, Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075490667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.9018236398696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blueprint","display_name":"Blueprint","score":0.8422342538833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5169169902801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queer","display_name":"Queer","score":0.5150768160820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.40020763874053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37992778420448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2854674756526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.25223150849342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.10965779423713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0985342264175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09084314107894897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.9018236398696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422321","display_name":"Blueprint","level":2,"score":0.8422342538833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5169169902801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778584255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51415","display_name":"Queer","level":2,"score":0.5150768160820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.40020763874053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37992778420448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2854674756526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25223150849342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.10965779423713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0985342264175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09084314107894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.15087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15087","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.15087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.15087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15087","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8932188913","display_name":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)","funder_award_id":"2236421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382490931.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382490931.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4304620183","https://openalex.org/W4229077546","https://openalex.org/W4224263776","https://openalex.org/W2769242725","https://openalex.org/W2607139361","https://openalex.org/W2752248129","https://openalex.org/W2384575798","https://openalex.org/W1565703913","https://openalex.org/W2775238576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,42],"present":[1],"WinoQueer:":[2],"a":[3,30,35,39,68,115,134],"benchmark":[4,24,37,45,112],"specifically":[5],"designed":[6],"to":[7,19,46,120],"measure":[8],"whether":[9],"large":[10],"language":[11],"models":[12,54],"(LLMs)":[13],"encode":[14],"biases":[15],"that":[16,33,52,64,85,88],"are":[17],"harmful":[18],"the":[20,104],"LGBTQ+":[21],"community.":[22],"The":[23],"is":[25,96],"community-sourced,":[26],"via":[27],"application":[28],"of":[29,84],"novel":[31],"method":[32,109],"generates":[34],"bias":[36,66],"from":[38],"community":[40,70,94,105],"survey.":[41],"apply":[43],"our":[44],"several":[47],"popular":[48],"LLMs":[49],"and":[50,87,150,152],"find":[51],"off-the-shelf":[53],"generally":[55],"do":[56],"exhibit":[57],"considerable":[58],"anti-queer":[59],"bias.":[60],"Finally,":[61],"we":[62],"show":[63],"LLM":[65,124],"against":[67],"marginalized":[69,128],"can":[71],"be":[72],"somewhat":[73],"mitigated":[74],"by":[75,82,93,106],"finetuning":[76],"on":[77],"data":[78],"written":[79,92,102],"about":[80,103],"or":[81],"members":[83,95],"community,":[86],"social":[89],"media":[90],"text":[91,101],"more":[97],"effective":[98],"than":[99],"news":[100],"non-members.":[107],"Our":[108],"for":[110,117,126],"community-in-the-loop":[111],"development":[113],"provides":[114],"blueprint":[116],"future":[118],"researchers":[119],"develop":[121],"community-driven,":[122],"harms-grounded":[123],"benchmarks":[125],"other":[127],"communities.":[129],"Note:":[130],"This":[131],"version":[132],"corrects":[133],"bug":[135],"found":[136],"in":[137],"evaluation":[138],"code":[139],"after":[140],"publication.":[141],"General":[142],"findings":[143],"have":[144,155],"not":[145],"changed,":[146],"but":[147],"tables":[148],"5":[149],"6":[151],"figure":[153],"1":[154],"been":[156],"corrected.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}