{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378718468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.17039","title":"Horizontal Scaling of Transaction-Creating Machines","display_name":"Horizontal Scaling of Transaction-Creating Machines","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378718468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.17039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.17039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17039","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092048140","display_name":"Ole Delzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Delzer, Ole","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071642549","display_name":"Ingo Weber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4833-5921"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weber, Ingo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091894457","display_name":"Richard Hobeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hobeck, Richard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088526076","display_name":"Stefan Schulte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-9945"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schulte, Stefan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8644673824310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.730609655380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7270846366882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.5842317938804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.5692566633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-transaction","display_name":"Distributed transaction","score":0.5682899355888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.551383376121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5503159165382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.4988725185394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-transaction-processing","display_name":"Online transaction processing","score":0.4467523396015167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42707398533821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.41312727332115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25832343101501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.24603906273841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06321820616722107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8644673824310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.730609655380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7270846366882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.5842317938804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.5692566633224487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25185021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4053284","display_name":"Distributed transaction","level":4,"score":0.5682899355888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.551383376121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5503159165382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4988725185394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191087605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501395","display_name":"Online transaction processing","level":4,"score":0.4467523396015167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42707398533821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41312727332115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25832343101501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.24603906273841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06321820616722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.17039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/503793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/503793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Arxiv","raw_type":"paper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.17039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.17039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.17039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17039","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378718468.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378718468.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349862564","https://openalex.org/W2158759608","https://openalex.org/W2372897440","https://openalex.org/W2371295991","https://openalex.org/W116816731","https://openalex.org/W2143226912","https://openalex.org/W2155541789","https://openalex.org/W2053104377","https://openalex.org/W2403667029","https://openalex.org/W1988072050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1],"has":[2,56],"become":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,23,31,46,50,54,72,83,121,132,138,145],"the":[6,13,21,29,43,48,51,130,133,146],"most":[7],"popular":[8],"trends":[9],"in":[10,74,124,136],"IT":[11],"over":[12],"last":[14],"few":[15],"years.":[16],"Its":[17],"increasing":[18],"popularity":[19],"and":[20,140,142],"discovery":[22],"ever":[24],"more":[25],"use":[26],"cases":[27],"raises":[28],"question":[30],"how":[32],"to":[33,41,67,96,151],"improve":[34],"scalability.":[35],"While":[36],"researchers":[37],"are":[38],"exploring":[39],"ways":[40],"scale":[42,152],"on-chain":[44],"processing":[45],"transactions,":[47],"scalability":[49,139],"off-chain":[52],"creation":[53,107,123,154],"transactions":[55,73,95],"not":[57],"been":[58],"investigated":[59],"yet.":[60],"This":[61],"is":[62,108],"relevant":[63],"for":[64,87,118],"organizations":[65],"wishing":[66],"send":[68],"a":[69,75,101],"high":[70],"volume":[71],"short":[76],"time":[77],"frame,":[78],"or":[79],"continuously,":[80],"e.g.,":[81],"manufacturers":[82],"high-volume":[84],"products.":[85],"Especially":[86],"blockchain":[88],"implementations":[89],"such":[90],"as":[91],"Ethereum,":[92],"which":[93],"require":[94],"include":[97],"so-called":[98],"nonces":[99],"(essentially":[100],"sequence":[102],"number),":[103],"horizontally":[104],"scaling":[105,120],"transaction":[106,122,153],"non-trivial.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"we":[113],"propose":[114],"four":[115,147],"different":[116,134],"approaches":[117,135,149],"horizontal":[119],"Ethereum.":[125],"Our":[126],"experimental":[127],"evaluation":[128],"examines":[129],"performance":[131],"terms":[137],"latency":[141],"finds":[143],"two":[144],"proposed":[148],"feasible":[150],"horizontally.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
