{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361805813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.15715","title":"Foundation Models and Fair Use","display_name":"Foundation Models and Fair Use","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361805813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.15715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15715","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.15715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.15715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049073875","display_name":"Peter Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-0541"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henderson, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752866","display_name":"Xuechen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7236-9582"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xuechen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087088138","display_name":"Dan Jurafsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-7745"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jurafsky, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015518638","display_name":"Tatsunori Hashimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-5855"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hashimoto, Tatsunori","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088186426","display_name":"Mark A. Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lemley, Mark A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025255782","display_name":"Percy Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-6139"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Percy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-use","display_name":"Fair use","score":0.8269616961479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.6790466904640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6690859198570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5587304830551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doctrine","display_name":"Doctrine","score":0.5417249202728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5078585743904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.498790979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realm","display_name":"Realm","score":0.4702925682067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stylized-fact","display_name":"Stylized fact","score":0.4260314702987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.40073859691619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3745419979095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32401710748672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22986426949501038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1608220636844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15975892543792725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776254780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131562","display_name":"Fair use","level":2,"score":0.8269616961479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.6790466904640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6690859198570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5587304830551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.5417249202728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5078585743904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.498790979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.4702925682067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38935604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363","display_name":"Stylized fact","level":2,"score":0.4260314702987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.40073859691619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3745419979095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32401710748672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22986426949501038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1608220636844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15975892543792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15715","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.15715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.15715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.15715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15715","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.15715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361805813.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361805813.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2529311304","https://openalex.org/W4248275646","https://openalex.org/W2277794996","https://openalex.org/W2992609826","https://openalex.org/W3124809058","https://openalex.org/W2552900035","https://openalex.org/W2162875951","https://openalex.org/W2062875858","https://openalex.org/W4380047323","https://openalex.org/W2138330538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"foundation":[1,43,132,163,181,291],"models":[2,10,44,133,164,182],"are":[3,237,273],"trained":[4],"on":[5,135],"copyrighted":[6,36,68,136,171],"material.":[7,172],"Deploying":[8],"these":[9],"can":[11,165,179],"pose":[12],"both":[13],"legal":[14],"and":[15,32,103,113,130,148,156,213,253,277],"ethical":[16],"risks":[17,127],"when":[18,233],"data":[19],"creators":[20],"fail":[21],"to":[22,41,49,67,86,109,146,170,196,239,257,282],"receive":[23],"appropriate":[24],"attribution":[25],"or":[26],"compensation.":[27],"In":[28,92],"the":[29,50,60,75,87,90,117,125,201,205,211,225,258,268,287],"United":[30],"States":[31],"several":[33],"other":[34,222],"countries,":[35],"content":[37,167],"may":[38,82,106,245],"be":[39,107],"used":[40,238],"build":[42],"without":[45],"incurring":[46],"liability":[47],"due":[48],"fair":[51,80,98,120,187,262],"use":[52,81,99],"doctrine.":[53],"However,":[54],"there":[55],"is":[56,65,100,194,280],"a":[57,248,275],"caveat:":[58],"If":[59],"model":[61,111],"produces":[62],"output":[63,88],"that":[64,73,78,97,161,178,191,210,267,285],"similar":[66,169],"data,":[69,79],"particularly":[70],"in":[71,116,184],"scenarios":[72],"affect":[74],"market":[76],"of":[77,89,119,128,204,261,290],"no":[83],"longer":[84],"apply":[85],"model.":[91],"this":[93],"work,":[94],"we":[95,123,174,208,265,270],"emphasize":[96,266],"not":[101,274],"guaranteed,":[102],"additional":[104],"work":[105,279],"necessary":[108],"keep":[110],"development":[112],"deployment":[114],"squarely":[115],"realm":[118],"use.":[121,188,263],"First,":[122],"survey":[124],"potential":[126,149,288],"developing":[129],"deploying":[131],"based":[134],"content.":[137],"We":[138,189],"review":[139],"relevant":[140],"U.S.":[141],"case":[142],"law,":[143],"drawing":[144],"parallels":[145],"existing":[147],"applications":[150],"for":[151],"generating":[152],"text,":[153],"source":[154],"code,":[155],"visual":[157],"art.":[158],"Experiments":[159],"confirm":[160],"popular":[162],"generate":[166],"considerably":[168],"Second,":[173],"discuss":[175],"technical":[176,214,235],"mitigations":[177,215],"help":[180,246],"stay":[183],"line":[185],"with":[186,200,221],"argue":[190],"more":[192,228,278],"research":[193],"needed":[195,281],"align":[197],"mitigation":[198],"strategies":[199,269],"current":[202],"state":[203],"law.":[206],"Lastly,":[207],"suggest":[209],"law":[212,226],"should":[216],"co-evolve.":[217],"For":[218],"example,":[219],"coupled":[220],"policy":[223],"mechanisms,":[224],"could":[227],"explicitly":[229],"consider":[230],"safe":[231],"harbors":[232],"strong":[234],"tools":[236],"mitigate":[240],"infringement":[241],"harms.":[242],"This":[243],"co-evolution":[244],"strike":[247],"balance":[249],"between":[250],"intellectual":[251],"property":[252],"innovation,":[254],"which":[255],"speaks":[256],"original":[259],"goal":[260],"But":[264],"describe":[271],"here":[272],"panacea":[276],"develop":[283],"policies":[284],"address":[286],"harms":[289],"models.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}