{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321853738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.11583","title":"The Digitization of Historical Astrophysical Literature with Highly-Localized Figures and Figure Captions","display_name":"The Digitization of Historical Astrophysical Literature with Highly-Localized Figures and Figure Captions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321853738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.11583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.11583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11583","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.11583","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.11583","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087027123","display_name":"Jill Naiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6189"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naiman, Jill P.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073288239","display_name":"Peter K. G. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-3587"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Williams, Peter K. G.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083346491","display_name":"Alyssa Goodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-0477"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goodman, Alyssa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087027123"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.9265129566192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7708485126495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5728791356086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5714947581291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5480889081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5033342242240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.5024869441986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4863017499446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4654463231563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45596498250961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.41310185194015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3949725925922394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23511561751365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2130604088306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17072731256484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1675049364566803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1370246410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12314525246620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12203320860862732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.9265129566192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7708485126495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5728791356086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5714947581291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5480889081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5033342242240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.5024869441986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4863017499446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4654463231563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45596498250961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.41310185194015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3949725925922394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23511561751365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2130604088306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17072731256484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1675049364566803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1370246410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12314525246620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12203320860862732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.11583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11583","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.11583","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.11583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.11583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.11583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11583","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.11583","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321853738.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539704186","https://openalex.org/W4254109238","https://openalex.org/W2399890175","https://openalex.org/W4308177873","https://openalex.org/W3202479762","https://openalex.org/W2480493049","https://openalex.org/W2592115649","https://openalex.org/W4322582183","https://openalex.org/W1937392525","https://openalex.org/W2347632764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scientific":[0],"articles":[1],"published":[2],"prior":[3],"to":[4,24,84,100],"the":[5,10,74,79,101,106,124],"\"age":[6],"of":[7,81,96,105,116,127],"digitization\"":[8],"in":[9],"late":[11],"1990s":[12],"contain":[13],"figures":[14,26,120],"which":[15,62,129],"are":[16],"\"trapped\"":[17],"within":[18],"their":[19,28],"scanned":[20,50],"pages.":[21],"While":[22],"progress":[23],"extract":[25],"and":[27,66,88],"captions":[29],"has":[30],"been":[31,55],"made,":[32],"there":[33],"is":[34,130],"currently":[35],"no":[36],"robust":[37],"method":[38,46],"for":[39,47,119],"this":[40],"process.":[41],"We":[42,68],"present":[43],"a":[44,131],"YOLO-based":[45],"use":[48],"on":[49,72],"pages,":[51],"after":[52],"they":[53],"have":[54],"processed":[56],"with":[57,123],"Optical":[58],"Character":[59],"Recognition":[60],"(OCR),":[61],"uses":[63],"both":[64],"grayscale":[65],"OCR-features.":[67],"focus":[69],"our":[70],"efforts":[71],"translating":[73],"intersection-over-union":[75],"(IOU)":[76],"metric":[77],"from":[78],"field":[80],"object":[82],"detection":[83],"document":[85],"layout":[86],"analysis":[87],"quantify":[89],"\"high":[90],"localization\"":[91],"levels":[92],"as":[93],"an":[94],"IOU":[95,125],"0.9.":[97],"When":[98],"applied":[99],"astrophysics":[102],"literature":[103],"holdings":[104],"NASA":[107],"Astrophysics":[108],"Data":[109],"System":[110],"(ADS),":[111],"we":[112],"find":[113],"F1":[114],"scores":[115],"90.9%":[117],"(92.2%)":[118],"(figure":[121],"captions)":[122],"cut-off":[126],"0.9":[128],"significant":[132],"improvement":[133],"over":[134],"other":[135],"state-of-the-art":[136],"methods.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
