{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321780132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","title":"XCRYPT: Accelerating Lattice-Based Cryptography With Memristor Crossbar Arrays","display_name":"XCRYPT: Accelerating Lattice-Based Cryptography With Memristor Crossbar Arrays","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321780132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.00095","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sarabjeet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-1916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-1916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarabjeet Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-1916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035320534","display_name":"Xiong Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-0794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-0794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-0794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021755613","display_name":"Ananth Krishna Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-4267","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-4267"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ananth Krishna Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-4267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112311959","display_name":"Lin Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-6068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-6068","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-808X","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4071-6116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anirban Nag","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Nag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Zurich, D&#x00FC;bendorf, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Zurich, D&#x00FC;bendorf, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087056095","display_name":"Rajeev Balasubramonian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4093-5904","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4093-5904"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Balasubramonian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4093-5904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071802262","display_name":"Mahdi Nazm Bojnordi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-5650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-5650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Nazm Bojnordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-5650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089202539","display_name":"Elaine Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaine Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5141,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54728122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"5","first_page":"45","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.05810000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.02329999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-based-cryptography","display_name":"lattice-based cryptography","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-cryptography","display_name":"post-quantum cryptography","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor-crossbar","display_name":"memristor crossbar","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saber","display_name":"SABER","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-multiplication","display_name":"polynomial multiplication","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-accelerators","display_name":"hardware accelerators","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-arithmetic","display_name":"modular arithmetic","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shift-and-add","display_name":"shift-and-add","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.9649999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8189072608947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5775951743125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5718686580657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.5491601824760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5413725972175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5298348069190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.5283171534538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4647744297981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497083","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","level":5,"score":0.44899648427963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39253467321395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3776702284812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32529717683792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3125855624675751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2163897156715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13723579049110413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3248080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.00095","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00095","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.00095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.00095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.00095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.00095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.00095","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00095","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.00095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321780132.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321780132.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2796314191","https://openalex.org/W2979663695","https://openalex.org/W3018945530","https://openalex.org/W3121011012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015497999","https://openalex.org/W2171130799","https://openalex.org/W2144085790","https://openalex.org/W2015477599","https://openalex.org/W2548135880","https://openalex.org/W3177379469","https://openalex.org/W1568378063","https://openalex.org/W2516929886","https://openalex.org/W4317826599","https://openalex.org/W4253441086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"makes":[2],"a":[3,19,103,124,130],"case":[4],"for":[5,137],"accelerating":[6],"lattice-based":[7],"postquantum":[8,138],"cryptography":[9,139],"with":[10],"memristor-based":[11],"crossbars.":[12,75],"We":[13,42],"map":[14],"the":[15,49,134,147,152],"polynomial":[16],"multiplications":[17],"in":[18,51,62,74,89],"representative":[20],"algorithm,":[21],"SABER,":[22],"and":[23,33,109,150],"show":[24,57],"that":[25,58,64,101],"analog":[26,126],"dot":[27],"products":[28],"can":[29],"yield":[30],"1.7\u201332.5\u00d7":[31],"performance":[32],"energy":[34],"efficiency":[35,83,145],"improvement":[36],"compared":[37],"to":[38,47,94,112,117],"recent":[39],"hardware":[40],"proposals.":[41],"introduce":[43],"several":[44],"additional":[45],"techniques":[46,60,100],"address":[48],"bottlenecks":[50],"this":[52],"initial":[53,148],"design.":[54],"First,":[55],"we":[56,122],"software":[59],"used":[61],"SABER":[63,90],"are":[65,72],"effective":[66],"on":[67,77],"central":[68],"processing":[69],"unit":[70],"platforms":[71],"unhelpful":[73],"Relying":[76],"simpler":[78],"algorithms":[79],"further":[80,118],"improves":[81],"our":[82],"by":[84],"1.3\u20133.6\u00d7.":[85],"Second,":[86],"modular":[87],"arithmetic":[88],"offers":[91],"an":[92],"opportunity":[93],"drop":[95],"most":[96],"significant":[97],"bits,":[98],"enabling":[99],"exploit":[102],"few":[104],"variable-precision":[105],"analog-to-digital":[106],"converters":[107],"(ADCs)":[108],"yielding":[110],"up":[111],"1.8\u00d7":[113],"higher":[114,144],"efficiency.":[115],"Third,":[116],"reduce":[119],"ADC":[120],"pressure,":[121],"propose":[123],"simple":[125],"shift-and-add":[127],"technique,":[128],"demonstrating":[129],"1.3\u20136.3\u00d7":[131],"improvement.":[132],"Overall,":[133],"Xbar-based":[135],"accelerator":[136],"(called":[140],"XCRYPT)":[141],"achieves":[142],"3\u201315\u00d7":[143],"over":[146],"design":[149],"highlights":[151],"importance":[153],"of":[154],"algorithm\u2013accelerator":[155],"co-design.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
