{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313304720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.13371","title":"Measuring an artificial intelligence agent's trust in humans using machine incentives","display_name":"Measuring an artificial intelligence agent's trust in humans using machine incentives","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313304720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.13371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2212.13371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.13371","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.13371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.13371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074171573","display_name":"Timothy P. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-9683"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johnson, Tim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085139454","display_name":"Nick Obradovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1127-2231"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Obradovich, Nick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074171573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6994224786758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictator-game","display_name":"Dictator game","score":0.5761796236038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5380769371986389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5323938131332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-preferences","display_name":"Social preferences","score":0.5104779005050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.4880598783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4557203948497772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3146606683731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2909214496612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.24200651049613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1704549789428711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6994224786758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63477270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915979","display_name":"Dictator game","level":2,"score":0.5761796236038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5380769371986389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5323938131332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52820260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551312","display_name":"Social preferences","level":2,"score":0.5104779005050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.4880598783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4557203948497772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3146606683731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2909214496612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.24200651049613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1704549789428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2212.13371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.13371","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.13371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:arx:papers:2212.13371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.13371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.13371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2212.13371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.13371","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.13371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035018219","https://openalex.org/W2467306272","https://openalex.org/W3123581465","https://openalex.org/W2268871311","https://openalex.org/W3151542153","https://openalex.org/W2016410556","https://openalex.org/W3121153299","https://openalex.org/W3122999134","https://openalex.org/W3143256529","https://openalex.org/W1584942398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scientists":[0],"and":[1,96,132,140,249],"philosophers":[2],"have":[3],"debated":[4],"whether":[5],"humans":[6,36,115],"can":[7],"trust":[8,28,34,49,83,114,151,165,183,254],"advanced":[9,25,235],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI)":[12],"agents":[13,27,43],"to":[14,113,169,175,209,239,247],"respect":[15],"humanity's":[16],"best":[17],"interests.":[18],"Yet":[19],"what":[20],"about":[21,47],"the":[22,109,153,162,170,177,180,190,197,207,219,224,233],"reverse?":[23],"Will":[24],"AI":[26,32,64,87,110,154,163,181,198,220,236],"humans?":[29],"Gauging":[30],"an":[31,63,86],"agent's":[33,65,164,182],"in":[35,50,80,216,245],"is":[37],"challenging":[38],"because--absent":[39],"costs":[40],"for":[41,57,188],"dishonesty--such":[42],"might":[44],"respond":[45],"falsely":[46],"their":[48],"humans.":[51],"Here":[52],"we":[53,75,106],"present":[54,196],"a":[55,97,186,201,211,256],"method":[56,79],"incentivizing":[58],"machine":[59],"decisions":[60,166,184],"without":[61],"altering":[62],"underlying":[66],"algorithms":[67],"or":[68,213],"goal":[69],"orientation.":[70],"In":[71,102],"two":[72,193],"separate":[73],"experiments,":[74,161],"then":[76],"employ":[77],"this":[78],"hundreds":[81],"of":[82,150,172,232],"games":[84],"between":[85],"agent":[88,111,155,199,221],"(a":[89],"Large":[90],"Language":[91],"Model":[92],"(LLM)":[93],"from":[94],"OpenAI)":[95],"human":[98,257],"experimenter":[99],"(author":[100],"TJ).":[101],"our":[103],"first":[104],"experiment,":[105],"find":[107],"that":[108,179,195,205,230],"decides":[112],"at":[116],"higher":[117,148],"rates":[118,149],"when":[119,124,152,259],"facing":[120],"actual":[121],"incentives":[122,248],"than":[123],"making":[125],"hypothetical":[126],"decisions.":[127],"Our":[128,227],"second":[129],"experiment":[130],"replicates":[131],"extends":[133],"these":[134],"findings":[135],"by":[136,141],"automating":[137],"game":[138],"play":[139],"homogenizing":[142],"question":[143],"wording.":[144],"We":[145],"again":[146],"observe":[147],"faces":[156],"real":[157],"incentives.":[158],"Across":[159],"both":[160],"appear":[167],"unrelated":[168],"magnitude":[171],"stakes.":[173],"Furthermore,":[174],"address":[176],"possibility":[178],"reflect":[185],"preference":[187],"uncertainty,":[189],"experiments":[191,228],"include":[192],"conditions":[194],"with":[200,253],"non-social":[202],"decision":[203],"task":[204],"provides":[206],"opportunity":[208],"choose":[210],"certain":[212,225],"uncertain":[214],"option;":[215],"those":[217],"conditions,":[218],"consistently":[222],"chooses":[223],"option.":[226],"suggest":[229],"one":[231],"most":[234],"language":[237],"models":[238],"date":[240],"alters":[241],"its":[242],"social":[243],"behavior":[244,251],"response":[246],"displays":[250],"consistent":[252],"toward":[255],"interlocutor":[258],"incentivized.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}
