{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308672130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.04325","title":"Will we run out of data? Limits of LLM scaling based on human-generated data","display_name":"Will we run out of data? Limits of LLM scaling based on human-generated data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308672130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.04325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.04325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04325","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.04325","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.04325","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099856","display_name":"Pablo Villalobos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3247-7994"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Villalobos, Pablo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006510039","display_name":"Jaime Sevilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4454-1146"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho, Anson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035147412","display_name":"Lennart Heim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2593-266X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sevilla, Jaime","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009016780","display_name":"Tamay Besiroglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-3185"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Besiroglu, Tamay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034914617","display_name":"Marius Hobbhahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8244-3154"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heim, Lennart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103198508","display_name":"Anson Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-7785"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hobbhahn, Marius","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103099856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7444852590560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.525775671005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","score":0.5003244876861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.46672406792640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45669299364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44783639907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"Data quality","score":0.4397301971912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3804309368133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09648531675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07947209477424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07303452491760254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7444852590560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.525775671005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.5003244876861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.46672406792640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45669299364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44783639907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.4397301971912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3804309368133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09648531675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07947209477424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07303452491760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.04325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04325","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.04325","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.04325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.04325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.04325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04325","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.04325","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W141820298","https://openalex.org/W4378770497","https://openalex.org/W2049584446","https://openalex.org/W2079781215","https://openalex.org/W2064404759","https://openalex.org/W4308245303","https://openalex.org/W2014033564","https://openalex.org/W2910573937","https://openalex.org/W4385571583","https://openalex.org/W4389519396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,79,97],"investigate":[1],"the":[2,10,19,31,60],"potential":[3],"constraints":[4],"on":[5,26,53],"LLM":[6,45],"scaling":[7],"posed":[8],"by":[9],"availability":[11],"of":[12,34,63],"public":[13,35,64],"human-generated":[14,89],"text":[15,37,66,90],"data.":[16,38],"forecast":[18],"growing":[20],"demand":[21],"for":[22],"training":[23],"data":[24,67,101,109],"based":[25],"current":[27,44],"trends":[28,47],"and":[29,70,108],"estimate":[30],"total":[32],"stock":[33,62],"human":[36,65],"Our":[39],"findings":[40],"indicate":[41],"that":[42,99],"if":[43,75],"development":[46],"continue,":[48],"models":[49,76],"will":[50],"be":[51,93],"trained":[52],"datasets":[54,91],"roughly":[55],"equal":[56],"in":[57,83],"size":[58],"to":[59],"available":[61],"between":[68],"2026":[69],"2032,":[71],"or":[72],"slightly":[73],"earlier":[74],"are":[77],"overtrained.":[78],"explore":[80],"how":[81],"progress":[82],"language":[84],"modeling":[85],"can":[86],"continue":[87],"when":[88],"cannot":[92],"scaled":[94],"any":[95],"further.":[96],"argue":[98],"synthetic":[100],"generation,":[102],"transfer":[103],"learning":[104],"from":[105],"data-rich":[106],"domains,":[107],"efficiency":[110],"improvements":[111],"might":[112],"support":[113],"further":[114],"progress.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2022-11-14T00:00:00"}