{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308165349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.00684","title":"TOE: A Grid-Tagging Discontinuous NER Model Enhanced by Embedding Tag/Word Relations and More Fine-Grained Tags","display_name":"TOE: A Grid-Tagging Discontinuous NER Model Enhanced by Embedding Tag/Word Relations and More Fine-Grained Tags","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308165349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.00684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.00684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.00684","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074587026","display_name":"Jiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-135X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101801149","display_name":"Donghong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-983X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji, Donghong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114833340","display_name":"Jingye Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-3594"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jingye","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112895089","display_name":"Dongdong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1491-1950"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Dongdong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101895693","display_name":"Chong Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6543-2548"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng, Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048756500","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-9989"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325863","display_name":"Fei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-149X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074587026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8183261156082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7975338697433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.5669429302215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5596999526023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5270403027534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5094204545021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47661224007606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.47223660349845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.47006306052207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.46579253673553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4439902603626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4367651343345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4279109537601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19174796342849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.16417694091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11382880806922913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8183261156082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7975338697433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.5669429302215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5596999526023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5270403027534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5094204545021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47661224007606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.47223660349845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47006306052207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.46579253673553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4439902603626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4367651343345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4279109537601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19174796342849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.16417694091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11382880806922913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.00684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.00684","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.00684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.00684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.00684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.00684","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1453686608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2128248132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC1200500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G295657101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3470887801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22YJCZH064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3753909773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18JZD015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G497127911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19/07665-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5053610798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5949067526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC120050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6713122265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019/07665-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7930234676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"019/07665-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307762","display_name":"International Business Machines Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308165349.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308165349.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W2349635380","https://openalex.org/W4353089801","https://openalex.org/W2353819554","https://openalex.org/W2359488321","https://openalex.org/W2389866386","https://openalex.org/W2905116230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"So":[0],"far,":[1],"discontinuous":[2,91],"named":[3],"entity":[4],"recognition":[5],"(NER)":[6],"has":[7],"received":[8],"increasing":[9],"research":[10],"attention":[11],"and":[12,24,43,61,84,144,152,163,168,184,201,210,227,240],"many":[13],"related":[14],"methods":[15,31,83],"have":[16,64],"surged":[17],"such":[18,39,82],"as":[19,40,166],"hypergraph-based":[20],"methods,":[21,23,27,51],"span-based":[22],"sequence-to-sequence":[25],"(Seq2Seq)":[26],"etc.":[28],"However,":[29],"these":[30],"more":[32,206],"or":[33],"less":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36,54,214],"some":[37],"problems":[38],"decoding":[41],"ambiguity":[42],"efficiency,":[44],"which":[45,52],"limit":[46],"their":[47,173],"performance.":[48],"Recently,":[49],"grid-tagging":[50,88,111],"benefit":[53],"the":[55,79,115,176,181,189,218,233],"flexible":[56],"design":[57,124],"of":[58,81,103,220],"tagging":[59],"systems":[60],"model":[62,89,96,112,134,172,205,231],"architectures,":[63],"shown":[65],"superiority":[66],"to":[67,131,135,171,204],"adapt":[68],"for":[69,90],"various":[70],"information":[71],"extraction":[72],"tasks.":[73],"In":[74,217],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,99,123,148,192],"follow":[78],"line":[80],"propose":[85],"a":[86,108,125],"competitive":[87],"NER.":[92],"We":[93],"call":[94],"our":[95,133,229],"TOE":[97,230],"because":[98],"incorporate":[100],"two":[101,194],"kinds":[102],"Tag-Oriented":[104],"Enhancement":[105],"mechanisms":[106],"into":[107,118,155],"state-of-the-art":[109],"(SOTA)":[110],"that":[113,158],"casts":[114],"NER":[116],"problem":[117],"word-word":[119,139,208],"relationship":[120],"prediction.":[121,216],"First,":[122],"Tag":[126],"Representation":[127],"Embedding":[128],"Module":[129],"(TREM)":[130],"force":[132],"consider":[136],"not":[137],"only":[138],"relationships":[140,209],"but":[141],"also":[142],"word-tag":[143],"tag-tag":[145],"relationships.":[146,174],"Concretely,":[147],"construct":[149],"tag":[150,162,215],"representations":[151,165],"embed":[153],"them":[154],"TREM,":[156],"so":[157],"TREM":[159],"can":[160],"treat":[161],"word":[164],"queries/keys/values":[167],"utilize":[169],"self-attention":[170],"On":[175],"other":[177],"hand,":[178],"motivated":[179],"by":[180,236],"Next-Neighboring-Word":[182],"(NNW)":[183],"Tail-Head-Word":[185],"(THW)":[186],"tags":[187],"in":[188,242],"SOTA":[190,234],"model,":[191],"add":[193],"new":[195],"symmetric":[196],"tags,":[197],"namely":[198,224],"Previous-Neighboring-Word":[199],"(PNW)":[200],"Head-Tail-Word":[202],"(HTW),":[203],"fine-grained":[207],"alleviate":[211],"error":[212],"propagation":[213],"experiments":[219],"three":[221],"benchmark":[222],"datasets,":[223],"CADEC,":[225],"ShARe13":[226],"ShARe14,":[228],"pushes":[232],"results":[235],"about":[237],"0.83%,":[238],"0.05%":[239],"0.66%":[241],"F1,":[243],"demonstrating":[244],"its":[245],"effectiveness.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}