{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307783051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2210.15723","title":"Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation","display_name":"Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307783051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2210.15723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.15723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.15723","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.15723","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062063850","display_name":"Stefan Wojcik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7189-3606"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wojcik, Stefan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069982277","display_name":"Sophie Hilgard","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilgard, Sophie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085552254","display_name":"Nick Judd","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judd, Nick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031414510","display_name":"Delia Mocanu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mocanu, Delia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063895090","display_name":"Stephen Ragain","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ragain, Stephen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026233788","display_name":"M. B. Fallin Hunzaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-8671"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunzaker, M. B. Fallin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063820323","display_name":"Keith Coleman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coleman, Keith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108747244","display_name":"Jay Baxter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baxter, Jay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062063850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.8749192953109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.8302090764045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7376006841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7040766477584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.5215606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4575554132461548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.45542803406715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appeal","display_name":"Appeal","score":0.45411184430122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.41469281911849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.41372349858283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3269002437591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2542320489883423}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.8749192953109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.8302090764045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7376006841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7040766477584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.5215606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4575554132461548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.45542803406715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.45411184430122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.41469281911849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.41372349858283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3269002437591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2542320489883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.15723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.15723","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2210.15723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2210.15723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2210.15723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.15723","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4283459170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,16,61,80],"present":[1],"an":[2,22],"approach":[3,43,111],"for":[4],"selecting":[5],"objectively":[6],"informative":[7],"and":[8,29,95],"subjectively":[9],"helpful":[10],"annotations":[11,46,77,83,106],"to":[12,44,57,75,78,116],"social":[13,118],"media":[14,119],"posts.":[15,79],"draw":[17],"on":[18,21,101],"data":[19,64],"from":[20],"online":[23],"environment":[24],"where":[25],"contributors":[26],"annotate":[27],"misinformation":[28],"simultaneously":[30],"rate":[31],"the":[32,86,127],"contributions":[33],"of":[34],"others.":[35],"Our":[36],"algorithm":[37,87],"uses":[38],"a":[39,66],"matrix-factorization":[40],"(MF)":[41],"based":[42],"identify":[45],"that":[47,82],"appeal":[48],"broadly":[49],"across":[50],"heterogeneous":[51],"user":[52],"groups":[53],"-":[54],"sometimes":[55],"referred":[56],"as":[58],"\"bridging-based":[59],"ranking.\"":[60],"pair":[62],"these":[63],"with":[65,92],"survey":[67],"experiment":[68],"in":[69],"which":[70],"individuals":[71],"are":[72],"randomly":[73],"assigned":[74],"see":[76,126],"find":[81],"selected":[84,107],"by":[85],"improve":[88],"key":[89],"indicators":[90],"compared":[91],"overall":[93],"average":[94],"crowd-generated":[96],"baselines.":[97],"Further,":[98],"when":[99],"deployed":[100],"Twitter,":[102],"people":[103],"who":[104,123],"saw":[105],"through":[108],"this":[109],"bridging-based":[110],"were":[112],"significantly":[113],"less":[114],"likely":[115],"reshare":[117],"posts":[120],"than":[121],"those":[122],"did":[124],"not":[125],"annotations.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
