{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283768109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.14858","title":"Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models","display_name":"Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283768109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.14858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.14858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.14858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.14858","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019210292","display_name":"Aitor Lewkowycz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lewkowycz, Aitor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052645158","display_name":"Anders Andreassen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-3919"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreassen, Anders","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015793563","display_name":"D. Dohan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dohan, David","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010086803","display_name":"Ethan Dyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-3100"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dyer, Ethan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016302450","display_name":"Henryk Michalewski","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michalewski, Henryk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059753414","display_name":"Vinay Ramasesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-3327"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramasesh, Vinay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050581734","display_name":"Ambrose Slone","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slone, Ambrose","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113854698","display_name":"Cem Anil","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil, Cem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019167028","display_name":"Imanol Schlag","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schlag, Imanol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040174386","display_name":"Theo Gutman-Solo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gutman-Solo, Theo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024901763","display_name":"Yuhuai Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Yuhuai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035369215","display_name":"Behnam Neyshabur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neyshabur, Behnam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018113047","display_name":"Guy Gur-Ari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gur-Ari, Guy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030441349","display_name":"Vedant Misra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misra, Vedant","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019210292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":281,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6319313049316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5870627760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4597509205341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-reasoning","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","score":0.4521038234233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.44228336215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-reasoning","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","score":0.4357472360134125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4275696873664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.42055195569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4027847945690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.37785831093788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3483625650405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.34073495864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.33888834714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1469845175743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1391882598400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1270875334739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08822205662727356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6319313049316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5870627760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4597509205341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4521038234233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44228336215019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992562121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817808","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4357472360134125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4275696873664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.42055195569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4027847945690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.37785831093788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3483625650405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34073495864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33888834714889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1469845175743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1391882598400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1270875334739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08822205662727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.14858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.14858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.14858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.14858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.14858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14858","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.14858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362230636","https://openalex.org/W4211252987","https://openalex.org/W2359146252","https://openalex.org/W2348759426","https://openalex.org/W3044871167","https://openalex.org/W260761786","https://openalex.org/W2793985749","https://openalex.org/W4379209243","https://openalex.org/W3208395189","https://openalex.org/W2354960648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"models":[1,19],"have":[2,20],"achieved":[3],"remarkable":[4],"performance":[5,69],"on":[6,54,62,70,84],"a":[7,49,111],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"of":[10,76,113],"tasks":[11,24],"that":[12,25,98,104],"require":[13,26,99],"natural":[14,56],"language":[15,51,57],"understanding.":[16],"Nevertheless,":[17],"state-of-the-art":[18,68],"generally":[21],"struggled":[22],"with":[23],"quantitative":[27,100],"reasoning,":[28,101],"such":[29],"as":[30],"solving":[31],"mathematics,":[32],"science,":[33],"and":[34,59,95,102],"engineering":[35],"problems":[36,89],"at":[37],"the":[38,74,105],"college":[39],"level.":[40],"To":[41],"help":[42],"close":[43],"this":[44],"gap,":[45],"we":[46],"introduce":[47],"Minerva,":[48],"large":[50],"model":[52,66,83,106],"pretrained":[53],"general":[55],"data":[58],"further":[60],"trained":[61],"technical":[63,71],"content.":[64],"The":[65],"achieves":[67],"benchmarks":[72],"without":[73],"use":[75],"external":[77],"tools.":[78],"We":[79],"also":[80],"evaluate":[81],"our":[82],"over":[85],"two":[86],"hundred":[87],"undergraduate-level":[88],"in":[90],"physics,":[91],"biology,":[92],"chemistry,":[93],"economics,":[94],"other":[96],"sciences":[97],"find":[103],"can":[107],"correctly":[108],"answer":[109],"nearly":[110],"third":[112],"them.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":173},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}