{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281666526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.04101","title":"What-is and How-to for Fairness in Machine Learning: A Survey, Reflection, and Perspective","display_name":"What-is and How-to for Fairness in Machine Learning: A Survey, Reflection, and Perspective","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281666526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.04101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.04101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04101","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.04101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.04101","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006403327","display_name":"Zeyu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-4728"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Zeyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882632","display_name":"Jiji Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0684-2084"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jiji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342309","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-9958"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Kun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006403327"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.7350386381149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6778941750526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flowchart","display_name":"Flowchart","score":0.6476154327392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6067364811897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5996712446212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5788973569869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.5101840496063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48351481556892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.4331511855125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.355227530002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3210351765155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.16942128539085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.132460355758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11365929245948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.0877750813961029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7350386381149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6778941750526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72041958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185092","display_name":"Flowchart","level":2,"score":0.6476154327392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6067364811897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5996712446212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5788973569869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5101840496063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48351481556892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.4331511855125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.355227530002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3210351765155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.16942128539085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.132460355758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11365929245948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0877750813961029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.04101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04101","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.04101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.04101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.04101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.04101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04101","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.04101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115906794","https://openalex.org/W2109215547","https://openalex.org/W1992202691","https://openalex.org/W2323840003","https://openalex.org/W2188108885","https://openalex.org/W2131878319","https://openalex.org/W2381593765","https://openalex.org/W2018278180","https://openalex.org/W3124636075","https://openalex.org/W3132695196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Algorithmic":[0],"fairness":[1,38,67,111,140,152],"has":[2],"attracted":[3],"increasing":[4],"attention":[5],"in":[6,15,42,55,92],"the":[7,16,19,76,90,93,114,119,124,131,135,147,159,165],"machine":[8,43],"learning":[9,44],"community.":[10],"Various":[11],"definitions":[12],"are":[13,25],"proposed":[14,41],"literature,":[17,45],"but":[18],"differences":[20,91],"and":[21,34,46,57,73,85,104,122,146],"connections":[22,52],"among":[23],"them":[24],"not":[26],"clearly":[27],"addressed.":[28],"In":[29,87],"this":[30],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,96],"review":[33],"reflect":[35],"on":[36,113,118,123],"various":[37],"notions":[39],"previously":[40],"make":[47],"an":[48],"attempt":[49],"to":[50,53,144,163],"draw":[51],"arguments":[54],"moral":[56],"political":[58],"philosophy,":[59],"especially":[60],"theories":[61],"of":[62,89,107,110,133,139,151,155],"justice.":[63],"We":[64],"also":[65],"consider":[66,75],"inquiries":[68,112],"from":[69],"a":[70,98],"dynamic":[71],"perspective,":[72],"further":[74],"long-term":[77],"impact":[78],"that":[79,100],"is":[80,154,158],"induced":[81,125],"by":[82],"current":[83],"prediction":[84],"decision.":[86],"light":[88],"characterized":[94],"fairness,":[95],"present":[97],"flowchart":[99],"encompasses":[101],"implicit":[102],"assumptions":[103],"expected":[105],"outcomes":[106],"different":[108],"types":[109],"data":[115],"generating":[116],"process,":[117],"predicted":[120],"outcome,":[121],"impact,":[126],"respectively.":[127],"This":[128],"paper":[129],"demonstrates":[130],"importance":[132],"matching":[134],"mission":[136],"(which":[137,149],"kind":[138],"one":[141],"would":[142],"like":[143],"enforce)":[145],"means":[148],"spectrum":[150],"analysis":[153],"interest,":[156],"what":[157],"appropriate":[160],"analyzing":[161],"scheme)":[162],"fulfill":[164],"intended":[166],"purpose.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}