{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280536003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2205.08209","title":"blob loss: instance imbalance aware loss functions for semantic segmentation","display_name":"blob loss: instance imbalance aware loss functions for semantic segmentation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280536003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2205.08209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:220174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kofler, Florian; et al; Menze, Bjoern  (2022). blob loss: instance imbalance aware loss functions for semantic segmentation.  ArXiv.org 2205.08209, Cornell University.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023181480","display_name":"Florian Kofler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kofler, Florian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany","Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine,","TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany","Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018632773","display_name":"Suprosanna Shit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-7207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"et al","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany","TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002068604","display_name":"Bjoern Menze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-5690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menze, Bjoern","raw_affiliation_strings":["TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany","Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-5690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TranslaTUM -Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8439776301383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.727269172668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7226651906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6480727195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6210840940475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.518916130065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4559437036514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.44448283314704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3357986807823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.27980485558509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14681407809257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10664486885070801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8439776301383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.727269172668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7226651906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6480727195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6210840940475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.518916130065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4559437036514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.44448283314704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3357986807823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.27980485558509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14681407809257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10664486885070801}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:220174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kofler, Florian; et al; Menze, Bjoern  (2022). blob loss: instance imbalance aware loss functions for semantic segmentation.  ArXiv.org 2205.08209, Cornell University.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.08209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08209","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.08209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2205.08209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2205.08209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-220174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-220174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:220174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kofler, Florian; et al; Menze, Bjoern  (2022). blob loss: instance imbalance aware loss functions for semantic segmentation.  ArXiv.org 2205.08209, Cornell University.","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3424536837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"765148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5699669439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSC 81","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338208","funder_display_name":"International Graduate School of Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6105716859","display_name":"Data Driven Computational Mechanics at EXascale","funder_award_id":"956201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6917559238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSC 81","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7568270482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSC 81","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","funder_display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G802331887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"subproject B12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8654549683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 824","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328148","display_name":"Helmut Horten Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/00dc6k529"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338208","display_name":"International Graduate School of Science and Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1806891645","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1950315773","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2900237898","https://openalex.org/W2900936384","https://openalex.org/W2905522261","https://openalex.org/W2936835627","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W2969937244","https://openalex.org/W2980998394","https://openalex.org/W2995153909","https://openalex.org/W3005867992","https://openalex.org/W3035546112","https://openalex.org/W3093606981","https://openalex.org/W3095100321","https://openalex.org/W3098414035","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3136424010","https://openalex.org/W3206607677","https://openalex.org/W4212875960","https://openalex.org/W4287113023","https://openalex.org/W4308831279","https://openalex.org/W4312853277","https://openalex.org/W4317466386","https://openalex.org/W4386362534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389060404","https://openalex.org/W2973136608","https://openalex.org/W3012828488","https://openalex.org/W4286233748","https://openalex.org/W4254054209","https://openalex.org/W3197954266","https://openalex.org/W4389009345","https://openalex.org/W4200334192","https://openalex.org/W4287691568","https://openalex.org/W4289129312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"convolutional":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(CNN)":[4],"have":[5],"proven":[6],"to":[7,83,157],"be":[8],"remarkably":[9],"effective":[10],"in":[11,89,139,150],"semantic":[12,124,143],"segmentation":[13,125,144,180],"tasks.":[14],"Most":[15],"popular":[16],"loss":[17,102],"functions":[18],"were":[19],"introduced":[20],"targeting":[21],"improved":[22],"volumetric":[23],"scores,":[24],"such":[25,74,113],"as":[26,75,114],"the":[27,90],"Dice":[28,159],"coefficient":[29],"(DSC).":[30],"By":[31],"design,":[32],"DSC":[33],"can":[34,55],"tackle":[35],"class":[36],"imbalance,":[37],"however,":[38],"it":[39,80],"does":[40],"not":[41],"recognize":[42],"instance":[43,54,148],"imbalance":[44],"within":[45],"a":[46,49,51,62,98,135],"class.":[47],"As":[48],"result,":[50],"large":[52],"foreground":[53],"dominate":[56],"minor":[57],"instances":[58,68,130],"and":[59,85,117,154,173],"still":[60],"produce":[61],"satisfactory":[63],"DSC.":[64],"Nevertheless,":[65],"detecting":[66,128],"tiny":[67],"is":[69,81,121],"crucial":[70],"for":[71,123,165,170,178],"many":[72],"applications,":[73],"disease":[76],"monitoring.":[77],"For":[78],"example,":[79],"imperative":[82],"locate":[84],"surveil":[86],"small-scale":[87],"lesions":[88],"follow-up":[91],"of":[92,101,152],"multiple":[93,129],"sclerosis":[94],"patients.":[95],"We":[96,132],"propose":[97],"novel":[99],"family":[100],"functions,":[103],"\\emph{blob":[104,137],"loss},":[105],"primarily":[106],"aimed":[107],"at":[108],"maximizing":[109],"instance-level":[110],"detection":[111],"metrics,":[112],"F1":[115,183],"score":[116],"sensitivity.":[118],"\\emph{Blob":[119],"loss}":[120,138],"designed":[122],"problems":[126],"where":[127],"matters.":[131],"extensively":[133],"evaluate":[134],"DSC-based":[136],"five":[140],"complex":[141],"3D":[142],"tasks":[145,181],"featuring":[146],"pronounced":[147],"heterogeneity":[149],"terms":[151],"texture":[153],"morphology.":[155],"Compared":[156],"soft":[158],"loss,":[160],"we":[161],"achieve":[162],"5%":[163],"improvement":[164,169,177],"MS":[166],"lesions,":[167],"3%":[168],"liver":[171],"tumor,":[172],"an":[174],"average":[175],"2%":[176],"microscopy":[179],"considering":[182],"score.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}