{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221146527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.05045","title":"Do Small Code Changes Merge Faster? A Multi-Language Empirical Investigation","display_name":"Do Small Code Changes Merge Faster? A Multi-Language Empirical Investigation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221146527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.05045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.05045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05045","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.05045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.05045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068883444","display_name":"Gunnar Kudrjavets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3730-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kudrjavets, Gunnar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101612061","display_name":"Nachiappan Nagappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092558","display_name":"BC Platforms (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/002fen565","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nagappan, Nachiappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092558","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076279316","display_name":"Ayushi Rastogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rastogi, Ayushi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.7849905490875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6677410006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.5660592913627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.45996055006980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.4461734890937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4282161295413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3826702833175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.18287897109985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.17936301231384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.17153245210647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.14571964740753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.10133937001228333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.7849905490875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6677410006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5660592913627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.45996055006980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.4461734890937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4282161295413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3826702833175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.18287897109985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.17936301231384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.17153245210647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.14571964740753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.10133937001228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.05045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05045","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.05045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:rug:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/fff43cd2-ebb8-47b9-a333-0a065a735df5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/fff43cd2-ebb8-47b9-a333-0a065a735df5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE/ACM 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR), 537 - 548","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2203.05045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.05045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.05045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05045","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.05045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4318539024","https://openalex.org/W4226317003","https://openalex.org/W2149635184","https://openalex.org/W3161903544","https://openalex.org/W3017183837","https://openalex.org/W4323034249","https://openalex.org/W3025557260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"velocity,":[1],"or":[2,176],"the":[3,41,61,76,167,181,198],"speed":[4],"with":[5,97],"which":[6],"code":[7,30,36,49,55,80,149,195,220,228],"changes":[8,221],"are":[9,38],"integrated":[10],"into":[11],"a":[12,16,98,101,145,213],"production":[13],"environment,":[14],"plays":[15],"crucial":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,206],"Continuous":[20,23],"Integration":[21],"and":[22,87,93,109,136,158,192],"Deployment.":[24],"Many":[25],"studies":[26],"report":[27],"factors":[28,169],"influencing":[29],"velocity.":[31,150,229],"However,":[32],"solutions":[33],"to":[34,44,71,138,142,147,163,226],"increase":[35,227],"velocity":[37,56,81],"unclear.":[39],"Meanwhile,":[40],"industry":[42],"continues":[43],"issue":[45],"guidelines":[46],"on":[47,123],"\"ideal\"":[48],"change":[50],"size,":[51,134],"believing":[52],"it":[53],"increases":[54],"despite":[57],"lacking":[58],"evidence":[59],"validating":[60],"practice.":[62],"Surprisingly,":[63],"this":[64],"fundamental":[65],"question":[66],"has":[67],"not":[68,161,223],"been":[69],"studied":[70],"date.":[72],"This":[73,202],"study":[74,152],"investigates":[75],"practicality":[77],"of":[78,90,129,166,200],"improving":[79],"by":[82,133,216],"optimizing":[83],"pull":[84,106,131,155,173],"request":[85,107,156,174,185],"size":[86,108,157,175],"composition":[88,159,177],"(ratio":[89],"insertions,":[91],"deletions,":[92],"modifications).":[94],"We":[95,111,125],"start":[96],"hypothesis":[99],"that":[100,154,170,218],"moderate":[102],"correlation":[103],"exists":[104],"between":[105],"time-to-merge.":[110,164],"selected":[112],"100":[113],"most":[114],"popular,":[115],"actively":[116],"developed":[117],"projects":[118],"from":[119,187],"10":[120],"programming":[121,179],"languages":[122],"GitHub.":[124],"analyzed":[126],"our":[127],"dataset":[128],"845,316":[130],"requests":[132],"composition,":[135],"context":[137],"explore":[139],"its":[140],"relationship":[141],"time-to-merge":[143],"-":[144],"proxy":[146],"measure":[148],"Our":[151],"shows":[153],"do":[160,222],"relate":[162],"Regardless":[165],"contextual":[168],"can":[171],"influence":[172],"(e.g.,":[178],"language),":[180],"observation":[182],"holds.":[183],"Pull":[184],"data":[186],"two":[188],"other":[189],"platforms:":[190],"Gerrit":[191],"Phabricator":[193],"(401,790":[194],"reviews)":[196],"confirms":[197],"lack":[199],"relationship.":[201],"negative":[203],"result":[204],"as":[205],"\"...":[207],"eliminate":[208],"useless":[209],"hypotheses":[210],"...\"":[211],"challenges":[212],"widespread":[214],"belief":[215],"showing":[217],"small":[219],"merge":[224],"faster":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}