{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414017173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","title":"Efficient and Compact Full-Domain Functional Bootstrapping via Subring Folding","display_name":"Efficient and Compact Full-Domain Functional Bootstrapping via Subring Folding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414017173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12427/12155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12427/12155","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077779664","display_name":"Han Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4629-2905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4629-2905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001431345","display_name":"Mingsheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0379-2343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0379-2343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09018611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"4","first_page":"737","last_page":"762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.8572948575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/folding","display_name":"Folding (DSP implementation)","score":0.7577460408210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subring","display_name":"Subring","score":0.70137619972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5231172442436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4709245562553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3388245105743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28676944971084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.20798659324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16538295149803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.10826250910758972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.8572948575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464292","display_name":"Folding (DSP implementation)","level":2,"score":0.7577460408210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21714298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929536","display_name":"Subring","level":3,"score":0.70137619972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5231172442436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4709245562553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3388245105743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28676944971084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.20798659324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16538295149803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.10826250910758972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12427/12155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b13f2f3a6b34f7eb5e8cd0038f39760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b13f2f3a6b34f7eb5e8cd0038f39760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.737-762","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12427/12155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239133615","https://openalex.org/W1480891834","https://openalex.org/W2164178244","https://openalex.org/W2390101004","https://openalex.org/W2073693242","https://openalex.org/W2608192656","https://openalex.org/W2161451344","https://openalex.org/W854096796","https://openalex.org/W4281693346","https://openalex.org/W2006399424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Functional":[0],"bootstrapping":[1,21,143,203],"has":[2,22],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,32,306],"a":[5,57,128,139,156,265,273,288],"powerful":[6],"tool":[7],"in":[8,26,36,123,276],"fully":[9],"homomorphic":[10,158],"encryption":[11],"(FHE),":[12],"integrating":[13],"noise":[14,121,210],"reduction":[15,275],"and":[16,78,161,183,227,309],"function":[17,59,66,76],"evaluation.":[18],"FHEW/TFHE-based":[19],"functional":[20,142,294],"demonstrated":[23],"high":[24],"efficiency":[25],"evaluating":[27,55,112],"arbitrary":[28,65,75],"non-linear":[29],"functions,":[30],"such":[31,305],"typical":[33],"activation":[34],"functions":[35,237],"neural":[37],"networks.":[38],"Due":[39],"to":[40,54,87,207,231,269],"the":[41,72,89,113,119,147,167,190,200,213,220,229,239,270],"algebraic":[42,178],"properties":[43,179],"of":[44,74,149,180,199,222,236,282],"coefficient":[45],"embedding":[46],"over":[47,194,238],"power-of-two":[48,181],"cyclotomics,":[49],"early":[50],"constructions":[51],"were":[52],"limited":[53],"either":[56],"negacyclic":[58],"under":[60,67,252],"full-domain":[61,79,141],"encoding":[62],"or":[63],"an":[64,233],"half-domain":[68],"encoding.":[69],"To":[70],"combine":[71],"advantages":[73],"evaluation":[77],"encoding,":[80],"recent":[81],"works":[82],"have":[83],"introduced":[84],"various":[85],"techniques":[86],"address":[88],"challenges":[90],"posed":[91],"by":[92,111,145,219],"negacyclicity.":[93],"Among":[94],"these":[95],"efforts,":[96],"Xia":[97,150],"et":[98,151,172],"al.":[99,152],"(TCC":[100],"2024)":[101],"recently":[102],"showed":[103],"that":[104,260],"this":[105,135],"limitation":[106],"can":[107],"be":[108],"entirely":[109],"circumvented":[110],"so-called":[114],"equality":[115,159],"test":[116,160],"function.":[117],"However,":[118],"substantial":[120],"overhead":[122],"their":[124,184],"theoretical":[125],"framework":[126,148],"presents":[127],"significant":[129],"challenge":[130],"toward":[131,291],"concretely":[132],"efficient":[133,215],"implementations.In":[134],"work,":[136],"we":[137],"propose":[138],"new":[140,157,262],"algorithm":[144,188,263],"refining":[146],"Our":[153,285],"approach":[154],"introduces":[155],"incorporates":[162],"several":[163],"key":[164,204,277],"insights":[165],"into":[166],"Blind":[168,225],"Rotation":[169],"procedure":[170],"(Chillotti":[171],"al.,":[173],"J.":[174],"Cryptol.":[175],"2020),":[176],"leveraging":[177],"cyclotomics":[182],"subrings.":[185],"The":[186],"resulting":[187],"offers":[189],"following":[191],"notable":[192],"improvements":[193],"previous":[195],"works:":[196],"(1)":[197],"one":[198],"most":[201,214],"compact":[202],"sizes":[205],"due":[206],"significantly":[208],"reduced":[209],"growth,":[211],"(2)":[212],"with":[216,243,255,296],"parallelism":[217],"enabled":[218],"independence":[221],"all":[223],"involved":[224],"Rotations,":[226],"(3)":[228],"ability":[230],"evaluate":[232],"unbounded":[234],"number":[235],"same":[240],"input":[241],"ciphertext":[242],"minimal":[244],"additional":[245],"computational":[246],"cost.":[247],"Notably,":[248],"our":[249,261],"proof-of-concept":[250],"implementation":[251],"IND-CPAD-secure":[253],"parameters":[254],"multi-threaded":[256],"CPU":[257],"execution":[258],"demonstrates":[259],"achieves":[264],"1.4\u22121.6x":[266],"speedup":[267],"compared":[268],"state-of-the-art,":[271],"alongside":[272],"1.5\u22122.1x":[274],"size":[278],"for":[279,299],"plaintext":[280],"precision":[281],"4\u22126":[283],"bits.":[284],"method":[286],"provides":[287],"promising":[289],"pathway":[290],"parallel-friendly":[292],"fulldomain":[293],"bootstrapping,":[295],"considerable":[297],"potential":[298],"further":[300],"acceleration":[301],"on":[302],"hardware":[303],"platforms":[304],"GPUs,":[307],"FPGAs,":[308],"ASICs.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}