{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414017373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","title":"Multi-Value Plaintext-Checking and Full-Decryption Oracle-Based Attacks on HQC from Offline Templates","display_name":"Multi-Value Plaintext-Checking and Full-Decryption Oracle-Based Attacks on HQC from Offline Templates","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414017373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12410/12139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12410/12139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haiyue Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyue Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003096947","display_name":"Qian Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-4458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4925,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94456646,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"4","first_page":"254","last_page":"289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.7450413107872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.7003256678581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6375512480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.6032383441925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template","display_name":"Template","score":0.5360071659088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5076261758804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42892730236053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16673606634140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07841604948043823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.7450413107872009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.7003256678581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6375512480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6032383441925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.5360071659088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5076261758804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42892730236053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16673606634140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07841604948043823}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12410/12139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36a527bc76ad4add8ab666a21659734a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36a527bc76ad4add8ab666a21659734a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:2bcab300-0e14-490c-b2ca-bc197bd08f1b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/2bcab300-0e14-490c-b2ca-bc197bd08f1b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2569-2925","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.254-289","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12410/12139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121300814","https://openalex.org/W4231091074","https://openalex.org/W1886613375","https://openalex.org/W4236081792","https://openalex.org/W4250583430","https://openalex.org/W4234406076","https://openalex.org/W2098392677","https://openalex.org/W2362689357","https://openalex.org/W2365982350","https://openalex.org/W2508016950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Hamming":[1],"Quasi-Cyclic":[2],"(HQC)":[3],"key":[4,139],"encapsulation":[5],"mechanism":[6],"(KEM),":[7],"recently":[8],"selected":[9],"by":[10],"NIST":[11],"for":[12,122,141,154,189],"standardization":[13],"in":[14,32,70,134,214],"the":[15,71,91,109,161,177,186,209],"Post-Quantum":[16],"Cryptography":[17],"(PQC)":[18],"process,":[19],"distinguishes":[20],"itself":[21],"through":[22],"its":[23,41],"efficiency,":[24],"robust":[25,190],"design":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28,102,180,194],"hard":[29],"decoding":[30],"problems":[31],"coding":[33],"theory,":[34],"and":[35,60,94,119,125,151,156,166],"well-characterized":[36],"decryption":[37,62],"failure":[38],"rates.":[39],"Despite":[40],"selection,":[42],"practical":[43],"security":[44],"concerns":[45],"arise":[46],"from":[47],"implementation":[48],"threats,":[49],"particularly":[50],"those":[51],"exploiting":[52],"plaintext-checking":[53],"(PC)":[54],"oracles.":[55],"While":[56],"multi-value":[57],"PC":[58,116],"(MV-PC)":[59],"full":[61],"(FD)":[63],"oracle":[64,96,111,168,172,217],"attacks":[65,97,169,179],"have":[66],"been":[67],"extensively":[68],"studied":[69],"context":[72],"of":[73,163,211],"lattice-based":[74],"cryptography,":[75],"their":[76],"applicability":[77],"to":[78,114,147,208],"code-based":[79],"schemes":[80],"like":[81,202],"HQC":[82],"has":[83],"remained":[84],"relatively":[85],"unexplored.In":[86],"this":[87],"work,":[88],"we":[89],"present":[90],"first":[92],"MV-PC":[93,105,165],"FD":[95,129,167,216],"targeting":[98],"codebased":[99],"KEMs,":[100],"specifically":[101],"HQC.":[103],"Our":[104,128],"attack":[106,130],"significantly":[107],"reduces":[108],"required":[110],"queries":[112,146,153],"compared":[113],"previous":[115],"oracle-based":[117],"methods":[118],"holds":[120],"implications":[121],"side-channel,":[123],"key-mismatch,":[124],"fault-injection":[126],"attacks.":[127,218],"exhibits":[131],"remarkable":[132],"efficiency":[133,210],"trace":[135],"complexity,":[136],"achieving":[137],"secret":[138],"recovery":[140],"hqc-128":[142],"with":[143],"just":[144],"two":[145],"a":[148,196],"perfect":[149],"oracle,":[150],"four":[152],"hqc-192":[155],"hqc-256.":[157],"Simulations":[158],"further":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"robustness":[162],"our":[164],"against":[170],"imperfect":[171],"responses.":[173],"We":[174],"experimentally":[175],"validate":[176],"new":[178],"an":[181],"ARM":[182],"Cortex-M4":[183],"microcontroller,":[184],"highlighting":[185],"critical":[187],"need":[188],"countermeasures.":[191],"In":[192],"particular,":[193],"such":[195],"platform,":[197],"substantial":[198],"leakage":[199],"during":[200],"operations":[201],"syndrome":[203],"computation":[204],"poses":[205],"significant":[206],"challenges":[207],"masking":[212],"techniques":[213],"mitigating":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}