{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414017320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","title":"XBOOT: Free-XOR Gates for CKKS with Applications to Transciphering","display_name":"XBOOT: Free-XOR Gates for CKKS with Applications to Transciphering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414017320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12406/12135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12406/12135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612853","display_name":"Chao Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-7515"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-7515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063170074","display_name":"Zhicong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1338-611X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1338-611X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhaomin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5907-1447"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaomin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5907-1447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113286342","display_name":"Yi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0108-3708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liang Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6031-4312"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6031-4312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group , China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103412171","display_name":"Hong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0477-0359"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0477-0359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018228575","display_name":"Wei Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-7051"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-7051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.584,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95767113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"4","first_page":"118","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.49109911918640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3793366253376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3525391221046448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.49109911918640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3793366253376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3525391221046448}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12406/12135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9c1f01da4814b3198db475f245b9f6f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9c1f01da4814b3198db475f245b9f6f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.118-144","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12406/12135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017320.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414017320.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77],"CKKS":[1,124],"scheme":[2],"is":[3,49],"traditionally":[4],"recognized":[5],"for":[6,70,186],"approximate":[7],"homomorphic":[8,53],"encryption":[9],"of":[10,37,74,80,100,146,176],"real":[11],"numbers,":[12],"but":[13,68],"BLEACH":[14],"(Drucker":[15],"et":[16,166],"al.,":[17,167],"JoC":[18],"2024)":[19],"extends":[20],"its":[21],"capabilities":[22],"to":[23,103,115,142],"handle":[24,108],"exact":[25],"computations":[26],"on":[27],"binary":[28],"or":[29],"small":[30],"integer":[31],"numbers.Despite":[32],"this":[33,56],"advancement,":[34],"BLEACH\u2019s":[35,66],"approach":[36],"simulating":[38],"XOR":[39,75,86,130,180],"gates":[40],"via":[41],"(a\u2212b)2":[42],"incurs":[43],"one":[44,153],"multiplication":[45],"per":[46,155,199],"gate,":[47],"which":[48,157],"computationally":[50],"expensive":[51],"in":[52],"encryption.":[54],"To":[55],"end,":[57],"we":[58,190],"introduce":[59],"XBOOT,":[60,147],"a":[61,140,150,159],"new":[62],"framework":[63],"built":[64],"upon":[65],"blueprint":[67],"allows":[69],"almost":[71],"free":[72],"evaluation":[73],"gates.":[76],"core":[78],"concept":[79],"XBOOT":[81,171],"involves":[82],"lazy":[83],"reduction,":[84],"where":[85],"operations":[87,181],"are":[88,120],"simulated":[89],"with":[90,178],"the":[91,98,109,118,123,128,144,163,173,206],"less":[92],"costly":[93],"addition":[94],"operation,":[95],"a+b,":[96],"leaving":[97],"management":[99],"potential":[101],"overflows":[102,119],"later":[104],"stages.":[105],"We":[106,135],"carefully":[107],"modulus":[110],"chain":[111],"and":[112,148],"scale":[113],"factors":[114],"ensure":[116],"that":[117,182],"managed":[121],"during":[122],"bootstrapping":[125],"phase,":[126],"preserving":[127],"correct":[129],"result":[131],"without":[132,208],"extra":[133],"cost.":[134],"use":[136],"AES-CKKS":[137],"transciphering":[138,194],"as":[139],"benchmark":[141],"test":[143],"capability":[145],"achieve":[149],"throughput":[151],"exceeding":[152],"kilobyte":[154],"second,":[156,200],"represents":[158],"2.5x":[160],"improvement":[161],"over":[162,196],"state-of-the-art":[164],"(Aharoni":[165],"HES":[168],"2023).":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"enables":[172],"practical":[174],"execution":[175],"tasks":[177],"extensive":[179],"were":[183],"previously":[184],"challenging":[185],"CKKS.":[187],"For":[188],"example,":[189],"can":[191],"do":[192],"Rasta-CKKS":[193],"at":[195],"two":[197],"kilobytes":[198],"more":[201],"than":[202,205],"10x":[203],"faster":[204],"baseline":[207],"XBOOT.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}