{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411133010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","title":"A5/3 make or break: A massively parallel FPGA architecture for exhaustive key search","display_name":"A5/3 make or break: A massively parallel FPGA architecture for exhaustive key search","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411133010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12220/12027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12220/12027","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087461759","display_name":"Konstantina Miteloudi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantina Miteloudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DiS Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DiS Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035742541","display_name":"Lejla Batina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lejla Batina","raw_affiliation_strings":["DiS Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DiS Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050888929","display_name":"Nele Mentens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nele Mentens","raw_affiliation_strings":["ES&S-COSIC, ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","ES&S-COSIC, ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ES&S-COSIC, ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ES&S-COSIC, ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087461759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06101747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"3","first_page":"361","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.8855000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.8855000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.8810999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.8758999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.8355789184570312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7811528444290161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7041080594062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.68004310131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6167877316474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5759807229042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5337575078010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.29814761877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1603763997554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.08671250939369202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.8355789184570312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7811528444290161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7041080594062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.68004310131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6167877316474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5759807229042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5337575078010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29814761877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1603763997554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.08671250939369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12220/12027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/320583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/320583","pdf_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/320583/320583.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd58258f55c948c3a5fa117a24c5aa94","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd58258f55c948c3a5fa117a24c5aa94","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 3 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.361-388","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12220/12027","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188059367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NWA.1215.18.014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5470638907","display_name":"PREDATOR: Predicting hardware vulnerabilities during design phase","funder_award_id":"19782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6009445997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G620206685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"024.006.037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411133010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411133010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023839151","https://openalex.org/W1774183074","https://openalex.org/W2057488824","https://openalex.org/W2334687145","https://openalex.org/W2178011914","https://openalex.org/W4235962491","https://openalex.org/W2061778832","https://openalex.org/W1513001507","https://openalex.org/W2257153718","https://openalex.org/W3134702077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,61],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,66],"have":[4],"designed":[5],"and":[6,35],"implemented":[7],"a":[8],"massively":[9],"parallel":[10],"FPGA":[11,75],"architecture":[12],"for":[13],"exhaustive":[14],"key":[15,31],"search":[16],"on":[17,25,108],"the":[18,46,96],"A5/3":[19,22],"encryption":[20],"algorithm.":[21],"is":[23,37],"based":[24],"KASUMI,":[26],"it":[27,36],"has":[28],"an":[29,68],"effective":[30],"of":[32,49],"64":[33],"bits,":[34],"used":[38],"in":[39,110],"GSM":[40],"(2G)":[41],"mobile":[42],"telephony":[43],"systems.":[44],"Despite":[45],"widespread":[47],"adoption":[48],"more":[50],"advanced":[51],"technologies":[52],"(4G,":[53],"5G),":[54],"2G":[55],"networks":[56],"remain":[57],"as":[58],"fallback":[59],"options.":[60],"our":[62],"novel":[63],"hardware":[64],"architecture,":[65],"use":[67],"AMD-Xilinx":[69],"Alveo":[70,105],"U250":[71,106],"card,":[72],"with":[73,79,103],"its":[74],"configured":[76],"to":[77],"operate":[78],"104":[80],"cores":[81],"clocked":[82],"at":[83],"496.7":[84],"M":[85],"Hz,":[86],"that":[87,95],"can":[88,100],"evaluate":[89],"235.59":[90],"keys/sec.":[91],"Our":[92],"results":[93],"show":[94],"$1":[97],"million":[98],"attack":[99],"be":[101],"achieved":[102],"128":[104],"cards,":[107],"average,":[109],"16":[111],"days.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
