{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411133029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","title":"Optimal Dimensionality Reduction using Conditional Variational AutoEncoder","display_name":"Optimal Dimensionality Reduction using Conditional Variational AutoEncoder","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411133029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12214/12021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12214/12021","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093984412","display_name":"Sana Boussam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139461","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique de l'\u00c9cole Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/04afed728","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210139461","https://openalex.org/I4210145102","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142476485","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/05hy3tk52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140930","display_name":"Thales (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04emwm605","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sana Boussam","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France","LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France","Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139461","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028224513","display_name":"Mathieu Carbone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8539-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140930","display_name":"Thales (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04emwm605","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathieu Carbone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090046769","display_name":"Beno\u00eet G\u00e9rard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108273","display_name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du M\u00e9dicament et des Produits de Sant\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01g80gk13","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108273"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beno\u00eet G\u00e9rard","raw_affiliation_strings":["ANSSI, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ANSSI, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085614648","display_name":"Gu\u00e9na\u00ebl Renault","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139461","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique de l'\u00c9cole Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/04afed728","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210139461","https://openalex.org/I4210145102","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108273","display_name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du M\u00e9dicament et des Produits de Sant\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01g80gk13","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108273"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142476485","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/05hy3tk52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu\u00e9na\u00ebl Renault","raw_affiliation_strings":["ANSSI, Paris, France; LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France","ANSSI, Paris, France","LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ANSSI, Paris, France; LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139461","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ANSSI, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIX, INRIA, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009315520","display_name":"Gabriel Zaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140930","display_name":"Thales (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04emwm605","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Zaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales ITSEF, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093984412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210139461","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73009786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"3","first_page":"164","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.6948999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.6948999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.6924999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.6211000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.9009302854537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.7470479607582092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5426235198974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4910726547241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4109070301055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4071559011936188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4059488773345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3201724886894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1121734082698822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.9009302854537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.7470479607582092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5426235198974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4910726547241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4109070301055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4071559011936188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4059488773345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3201724886894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1121734082698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12214/12021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05148980v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05148980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2025, 2025 (3), pp.164-211. ⟨10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:95892bfa2003433ea20557dbfd1de1dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/95892bfa2003433ea20557dbfd1de1dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 3 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i3.164-211","pdf_url":"https://ojs.ub.rub.de/index.php/TCHES/article/download/12214/12021","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411133029.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310873165","https://openalex.org/W2355395139","https://openalex.org/W4285596704","https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W4391160746","https://openalex.org/W1552543208","https://openalex.org/W2074396517","https://openalex.org/W2166963679","https://openalex.org/W2187269125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"benefits":[1],"of":[2,19,32,39,45,52,225,232,238,249,280,291],"using":[3,301],"Deep":[4],"Learning":[5],"techniques":[6],"to":[7,56,61,63,241,285],"enhance":[8],"side-channel":[9],"attacks":[10,92,121],"performances":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13],"demonstrated":[14],"over":[15],"recent":[16],"years.":[17],"Most":[18],"the":[20,37,50,59,108,115,138,142,150,183,198,236,254,258,277,289],"work":[21],"carried":[22],"out":[23],"since":[24],"then":[25],"focuses":[26],"on":[27,168,176,195,202,271],"discriminative":[28],"models.":[29],"However,":[30],"one":[31],"their":[33],"major":[34],"limitations":[35,152],"is":[36,102,117,127,174,220],"lack":[38,44],"theoretical":[40,46,170,200,298],"results.":[41,171],"Indeed,":[42,114],"this":[43,81,131,134,208],"results,":[47],"especially":[48],"concerning":[49],"choice":[51],"neural":[53,209,245,273],"network":[54,210,246],"architecture":[55,116,143,250],"consider":[57],"or":[58],"loss":[60,224],"prioritize":[62],"build":[64],"an":[65,190,211],"optimal":[66,184,191,212],"model,":[67,149],"can":[68],"be":[69,123,154],"problematic":[70],"for":[71],"both":[72,103],"attackers":[73],"and":[74,93,105,125,180,196,260,304,313],"evaluators.":[75],"Recently,":[76],"Zaid":[77,242],"et":[78,243],"al.":[79,244],"addressed":[80],"problem":[82],"by":[83,130],"proposing":[84],"a":[85,99,147,162,216,230,266],"generative":[86,164,281],"model":[87,100,110,165,173,186],"that":[88,101,166,219],"bridges":[89],"conventional":[90],"profiled":[91],"deep":[94],"learning":[95],"techniques,":[96],"thus":[97],"providing":[98],"explicable":[104],"interpretable.":[106],"Nevertheless":[107],"proposed":[109],"has":[111],"several":[112],"limitations.":[113],"too":[118],"complex,":[119],"higher-order":[120],"cannot":[122,153],"mounted":[124],"desynchronization":[126],"not":[128],"handled":[129],"model.":[132],"In":[133,262],"paper,":[135],"we":[136,160,205,264],"address":[137],"first":[139],"limitation":[140],"namely":[141],"complexity,":[144,251],"as":[145],"without":[146,222],"simpler":[148],"other":[151],"treated":[155],"properly.":[156],"To":[157],"do":[158],"so,":[159],"propose":[161,265],"new":[163,267],"relies":[167],"solid":[169],"This":[172,227],"based":[175,270],"conditional":[177],"variational":[178],"autoencoder":[179],"converges":[181],"towards":[182],"statistical":[185],"i.e.":[187,215],"it":[188],"performs":[189],"attack.":[192],"By":[193],"building":[194],"extending":[197],"state-of-the-art":[199],"works":[201],"dimensionality":[203,213,217],"reduction,":[204],"integrate":[206],"into":[207],"reduction":[214,218],"achieved":[221],"any":[223],"information.":[226],"results":[228,299],"in":[229,247],"gain":[231],"O(D),":[233],"with":[234,287],"D":[235],"dimension":[237],"traces,":[239],"compared":[240],"terms":[248],"while":[252],"at":[253],"same":[255],"time":[256],"enhancing":[257],"explainability":[259],"interpretability.":[261],"addition,":[263],"attack":[268,278],"strategy":[269],"our":[272,297],"network,":[274],"which":[275],"reduces":[276],"complexity":[279],"models":[282],"from":[283],"O(N)":[284],"O(1),":[286],"N":[288],"number":[290],"generated":[292],"traces.":[293],"We":[294],"validate":[295],"all":[296],"experimentally":[300],"extensive":[302],"simulations":[303],"various":[305],"publicly":[306],"available":[307],"datasets":[308],"covering":[309],"symmetric,":[310],"asymmetric":[311],"pre":[312],"post-quantum":[314],"cryptography":[315],"implementations.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}