{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408162508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","title":"REED: Chiplet-based Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"REED: Chiplet-based Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408162508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069066434","display_name":"Aikata Aikata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-2982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aikata Aikata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069743425","display_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016506442","display_name":"Sunmin Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3570-027X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunmin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030124351","display_name":"Maxim Deryabin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-3667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Deryabin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089396173","display_name":"Sujoy Sinha Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9805-5389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujoy Sinha Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70539978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"2","first_page":"163","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7849359512329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.525178074836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.51457279920578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.41301584243774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34166425466537476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7849359512329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.525178074836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.51457279920578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.41301584243774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34166425466537476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34753f156de344aa888202a3394a148d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34753f156de344aa888202a3394a148d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2025, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i2.163-208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"enables":[4],"privacy-preserving":[5],"computation":[6,17],"and":[7,18,68,108,136,142,149,188,242],"has":[8],"many":[9],"applications.":[10,248],"However,":[11,53],"its":[12],"practical":[13],"implementation":[14],"faces":[15],"massive":[16],"memory":[19],"overheads.":[20],"To":[21,91],"address":[22],"this":[23,73],"bottleneck,":[24],"several":[25,110],"Application-Specific":[26],"Integrated":[27],"Circuit":[28],"(ASIC)":[29],"FHE":[30,44,80,206,245],"accelerators":[31],"have":[32],"been":[33],"proposed.":[34],"All":[35],"these":[36],"prior":[37,88],"works":[38],"put":[39],"every":[40],"component":[41],"needed":[42],"for":[43,83,128,234],"onto":[45],"one":[46],"chip":[47,61,164],"(monolithic),":[48],"hence":[49],"offering":[50],"high":[51,69],"performance.":[52],"they":[54],"encounter":[55],"common":[56],"challenges":[57],"associated":[58],"with":[59,153,194],"large-scale":[60],"design,":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64],"inflexibility,":[65],"low":[66],"yield,":[67],"manufacturing":[70],"costs.":[71],"In":[72],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,106],"present":[76],"the":[77,85,93,100,114,212,225,240],"first-of-its-kind":[78],"multi-chiplet-based":[79],"accelerator":[81],"\u2018REED\u2019":[82],"overcoming":[84],"limitations":[86],"of":[87,95,102,116,177,215,244],"monolithic":[89,104],"designs.":[90],"utilize":[92],"advantages":[94],"multi-chiplet":[96],"structures":[97],"while":[98],"matching":[99],"performance":[101],"larger":[103],"systems,":[105],"propose":[107],"implement":[109],"novel":[111],"strategies":[112],"in":[113,168,198,246],"context":[115],"FHE.":[117],"These":[118],"include":[119],"a":[120,131,154,174,183,195,230],"scalable":[121],"chiplet":[122],"design":[123,144,228],"approach,":[124],"an":[125,217],"effective":[126,232],"framework":[127],"workload":[129],"distribution,":[130],"custom":[132],"inter-chiplet":[133],"communication":[134],"strategy,":[135],"advanced":[137],"pipelined":[138],"Number":[139],"Theoretic":[140],"Transform":[141],"automorphism":[143],"to":[145,179,182,203],"enhance":[146],"performance.Our":[147],"instruction-set":[148],"power":[150,167],"simulations":[151],"experiments":[152],"prelayout":[155],"netlist":[156],"indicate":[157],"that":[158],"REED":[159,226],"2.5D":[160],"microprocessor":[161],"consumes":[162],"96.7mm2":[163],"area,":[165],"49.4Waverage":[166],"7nm":[169],"technology.":[170],"It":[171],"could":[172],"achieve":[173],"remarkable":[175],"speedup":[176],"up":[178],"2,991x":[180],"compared":[181,202],"CPU":[184],"(24-core":[185],"2xIntel":[186],"X5690)":[187],"offer":[189],"1.9x":[190],"better":[191],"performance,":[192],"along":[193],"50%":[196],"reduction":[197],"development":[199],"costs":[200],"when":[201],"state-of-the-art":[204],"ASIC":[205],"accelerators.":[207],"Furthermore,":[208],"our":[209],"work":[210],"presents":[211],"first":[213],"instance":[214],"benchmarking":[216],"encrypted":[218],"deep":[219],"neural":[220],"network":[221],"(DNN)":[222],"training.":[223],"Overall,":[224],"architecture":[227],"offers":[229],"highly":[231],"solution":[233],"accelerating":[235],"FHE,":[236],"thereby":[237],"significantly":[238],"advancing":[239],"practicality":[241],"deployability":[243],"real-world":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}