{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400836607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","title":"Evict+Spec+Time: Exploiting Out-of-Order Execution to Improve Cache-Timing Attacks","display_name":"Evict+Spec+Time: Exploiting Out-of-Order Execution to Improve Cache-Timing Attacks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400836607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11676/11197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11676/11197","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108957775","display_name":"Shing Hing William Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shing Hing William Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091908047","display_name":"Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0329-2681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029386182","display_name":"Daniel Genkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-9288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800444561","display_name":"Atlanta Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01s3vfp47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800444561"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Genkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800444561","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111263006","display_name":"D. D. McNeil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dallas McNeil","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043210393","display_name":"Toby Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toby Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056484605","display_name":"Yuval Yarom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-4197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Yarom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403360","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2669-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108957775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7564,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9457644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"3","first_page":"224","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spec#","display_name":"Spec#","score":0.917783260345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7834848165512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.6793031692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5701189041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4986560344696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4369962513446808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-order-execution","display_name":"Out-of-order execution","score":0.4157869815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1218186616897583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207566","display_name":"Spec#","level":2,"score":0.917783260345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7834848165512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.6793031692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5701189041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4986560344696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4369962513446808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1793878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153762","display_name":"Out-of-order execution","level":2,"score":0.4157869815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1218186616897583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11676/11197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f9e8eb068344251a4fbf48bf22b202e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f9e8eb068344251a4fbf48bf22b202e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2024, Iss 3 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i3.224-248","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11676/11197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G18682879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"390781972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G36446433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-20-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3646945941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1954712","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3972601015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-20-1-0425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5729145195","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8531148651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W912CG-23-C-0022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400836607.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400836607.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1503814339","https://openalex.org/W1537704588","https://openalex.org/W1549794385","https://openalex.org/W1555558540","https://openalex.org/W1740185811","https://openalex.org/W1832887889","https://openalex.org/W2134197365","https://openalex.org/W2155133978","https://openalex.org/W2163516662","https://openalex.org/W2166781659","https://openalex.org/W2170585292","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2412886904","https://openalex.org/W2559892799","https://openalex.org/W2604789199","https://openalex.org/W2770572532","https://openalex.org/W2808110847","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2884364581","https://openalex.org/W2888798936","https://openalex.org/W2889508486","https://openalex.org/W2891854691","https://openalex.org/W2903035991","https://openalex.org/W2907549405","https://openalex.org/W2942517496","https://openalex.org/W2954241526","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2982776349","https://openalex.org/W2993607863","https://openalex.org/W3010786541","https://openalex.org/W3049152512","https://openalex.org/W3100164250","https://openalex.org/W3152901657","https://openalex.org/W3153564332","https://openalex.org/W3161170391","https://openalex.org/W3170537084","https://openalex.org/W3175411890","https://openalex.org/W3211735838","https://openalex.org/W4200631122","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4247005117","https://openalex.org/W4254175419","https://openalex.org/W4287775975","https://openalex.org/W4288057698","https://openalex.org/W4288057787","https://openalex.org/W4297042478","https://openalex.org/W4310698992","https://openalex.org/W4322827096","https://openalex.org/W4380080541","https://openalex.org/W4383221505","https://openalex.org/W4385187318","https://openalex.org/W4389395087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W878150521","https://openalex.org/W2008941207","https://openalex.org/W2373662841","https://openalex.org/W1970478390","https://openalex.org/W1533638723","https://openalex.org/W294916044","https://openalex.org/W2014546971","https://openalex.org/W4248631090","https://openalex.org/W2131667412","https://openalex.org/W2019959197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speculative":[0],"out-of-order":[1,26,103,115,165],"execution":[2,8,27,104,116,140],"is":[3,98,123,227,272],"a":[4,70,149,180,198,208,238,280],"strategy":[5],"of":[6,37,63,142,186,200,217,230,241,253,268],"masking":[7],"latency":[9],"by":[10,55,137],"allowing":[11],"younger":[12],"instructions":[13,58,88],"to":[14,22,91,160],"execute":[15],"before":[16],"older":[17],"instructions.":[18],"While":[19],"originally":[20],"considered":[21],"be":[23],"innocuous,":[24],"speculative":[25,102,114],"was":[28],"brought":[29],"into":[30],"the":[31,34,38,64,118,126,139,154,187,191,195,218,256,266,273],"spotlight":[32],"with":[33,258],"2018":[35],"publication":[36],"Spectre":[39],"and":[40,89,177],"Meltdown":[41],"attacks.":[42],"These":[43],"attacks":[44],"demonstrated":[45],"that":[46,59,128,202,225],"microarchitectural":[47,79,106],"side":[48,80],"channels":[49,81],"can":[50,82,146,172,203],"leak":[51,83],"sensitive":[52],"data":[53,84],"accessed":[54],"speculatively":[56,86],"executed":[57,87,188],"are":[60,131],"not":[61,205],"part":[62,185,216],"normal":[65],"program":[66],"execution.":[67,155],"Since":[68],"then,":[69],"significant":[71],"effort":[72],"has":[73],"been":[74],"vested":[75],"in":[76,184,214],"investigating":[77],"how":[78,90,101,113],"from":[85],"control":[92],"this":[93,109],"leakage.":[94],"However,":[95],"much":[96],"less":[97],"known":[99],"about":[100],"affects":[105,117],"side-channel":[107],"attacks.In":[108],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,193],"investigate":[112],"Evict+Time":[119,122,201,235,276],"cache":[120,129,134,150,181,209],"attack.":[121],"based":[124],"on":[125,190,249,278],"observation":[127],"misses":[130],"slower":[132],"than":[133,234],"hits,":[135],"hence":[136],"measuring":[138],"time":[141],"code,":[143],"an":[144,170,228,246,250],"attacker":[145,171],"determine":[147,178],"if":[148],"miss":[151,182,210],"occurred":[152,183],"during":[153],"We":[156,223,243],"demonstrate":[157,224],"that,":[158],"due":[159],"limited":[161],"resources":[162],"for":[163],"tracking":[164],"execution,":[166],"under":[167],"certain":[168],"conditions":[169],"gain":[173],"more":[174,232],"fine-grained":[175],"information":[176],"whether":[179,207],"code.Based":[189],"observation,":[192],"design":[194],"Evict+Spec+Time":[196,226,247],"attack,":[197],"variant":[199],"learn":[204],"only":[206],"occurred,":[211],"but":[212],"also":[213],"which":[215],"victim":[219],"code":[220],"it":[221],"occurred.":[222],"order":[229],"magnitude":[231],"efficient":[233],"when":[236],"attacking":[237],"T-tables-based":[239],"implementation":[240,252],"AES.":[242],"further":[244],"show":[245],"attack":[248,277],"S-boxbased":[251],"AES,":[254],"recovering":[255],"key":[257],"as":[259,261],"little":[260],"14":[262],"815":[263],"decryptions.":[264],"To":[265],"best":[267],"our":[269],"knowledge,":[270],"ours":[271],"first":[274],"successful":[275],"such":[279],"victim.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
