{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392754361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","title":"A Highly-efficient Lattice-based Post-Quantum Cryptography Processor for IoT Applications","display_name":"A Highly-efficient Lattice-based Post-Quantum Cryptography Processor for IoT Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392754361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11423/10929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11423/10929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022561121","display_name":"Zewen Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-3554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zewen Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048297910","display_name":"Ruibing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7395-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruibing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397039","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037211332","display_name":"Donglong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-7442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008174471","display_name":"Ray Chak-Chung Cheung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray Chak-Chung Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091073331","display_name":"Kejie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-9979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022561121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3582,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98534405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"2","first_page":"130","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-based-cryptography","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","score":0.7322731614112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6678304672241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5938045978546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5655827522277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5371829271316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","score":0.5003695487976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.46515947580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4107431173324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3050310015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.28129804134368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.26641786098480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2561628818511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.18001216650009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17504918575286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.13984104990959167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497083","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","level":5,"score":0.7322731614112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6678304672241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5938045978546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5655827522277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5371829271316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108277079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5003695487976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.46515947580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4107431173324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3050310015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.28129804134368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26641786098480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2561628818511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.18001216650009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17504918575286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13984104990959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11423/10929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3539585c6bd741c3a5a9ec83345c2557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3539585c6bd741c3a5a9ec83345c2557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2024, Iss 2 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/6d42d19e-962b-4536-9aa1-48ff78c7b38d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/6d42d19e-962b-4536-9aa1-48ff78c7b38d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ye, Z, Song, R, Zhang, H, Chen, D, Cheung, R C-C & Huang, K 2024, 'A Highly-efficient Lattice-based Post-Quantum Cryptography Processor for IoT Applications', IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, vol. 2024, no. 2, pp. 130-153. https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i2.130-153","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11423/10929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6843102401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392754361.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392754361.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1607264302","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2162653919","https://openalex.org/W2477530310","https://openalex.org/W2588191434","https://openalex.org/W2740230064","https://openalex.org/W2741654699","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2945132152","https://openalex.org/W2995935153","https://openalex.org/W3016085798","https://openalex.org/W3021991761","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3202423328","https://openalex.org/W3203459837","https://openalex.org/W3207133092","https://openalex.org/W4225986329","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W4283644776","https://openalex.org/W4285264388","https://openalex.org/W4294326371","https://openalex.org/W4312559487","https://openalex.org/W4312563345","https://openalex.org/W4313645570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W2315723423","https://openalex.org/W4235564189","https://openalex.org/W2411027466","https://openalex.org/W3194469932","https://openalex.org/W2295565109","https://openalex.org/W2591713603","https://openalex.org/W3201289751","https://openalex.org/W2895169885","https://openalex.org/W4389982864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lattice-Based":[0],"Cryptography":[1,18],"(LBC)":[2],"schemes,":[3],"like":[4],"CRYSTALS-Kyber":[5],"and":[6,37,43,54,75,81,86,125,163,198,214,232,253],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium,":[7],"have":[8,78],"been":[9],"selected":[10],"to":[11,39,144,168],"be":[12],"standardized":[13],"in":[14,24,72,122,129,187,191,263],"the":[15,170,210],"NIST":[16],"Post-Quantum":[17],"standard.":[19],"However,":[20],"implementing":[21],"these":[22,94],"schemes":[23],"resourceconstrained":[25],"Internet-of-Things":[26],"(IoT)":[27],"devices":[28],"is":[29],"challenging,":[30],"considering":[31],"efficiency,":[32,61],"power":[33,53,87],"consumption,":[34],"area":[35,55,85],"overhead,":[36],"flexibility":[38],"support":[40],"various":[41,119],"operations":[42,121,190],"parameter":[44],"settings.":[45],"Some":[46],"existing":[47],"ASIC":[48],"designs":[49,77],"that":[50],"prioritize":[51],"lower":[52],"can":[56,241],"not":[57,64],"achieve":[58],"optimal":[59],"performance":[60],"which":[62,259],"are":[63],"practical":[65],"for":[66,89,160,228,249,256],"battery-powered":[67],"devices.":[68,91],"Custom":[69],"hardware":[70,142],"accelerators":[71],"prior":[73],"co-processor":[74],"processor":[76,103,183,203,213],"limited":[79],"applications":[80],"flexibility,":[82],"incurring":[83],"significant":[84],"overheads":[88],"IoT":[90,230],"To":[92,151],"address":[93],"challenges,":[95],"this":[96],"paper":[97],"presents":[98],"an":[99],"efficient":[100,115],"lattice-based":[101,192],"cryptography":[102,193],"with":[104,209,246],"customized":[105],"Single-Instruction-Multiple-Data":[106],"(SIMD)":[107],"instruction.":[108],"First,":[109],"our":[110,181,201,239],"proposed":[111,182,202],"SIMD":[112,149],"architecture":[113],"supports":[114],"parallel":[116],"execution":[117],"of":[118,127,172,196,265],"polynomial":[120],"256-bit":[123],"mode":[124],"acceleration":[126],"Keccak":[128],"320-bit":[130],"mode,":[131],"both":[132],"utilizing":[133],"efficiently":[134],"reused":[135],"resources.":[136],"Additionally,":[137],"we":[138,155],"introduce":[139],"data":[140,146,173],"shuffling":[141],"units":[143],"resolve":[145],"dependencies":[147],"within":[148],"data.":[150],"further":[152],"enhance":[153],"performance,":[154],"design":[156,166,240],"a":[157,177,225],"dual-issue":[158],"path":[159],"memory":[161],"accesses":[162],"corresponding":[164],"software":[165],"methodologies":[167],"reduce":[169],"impact":[171],"load/store":[174],"blocking.":[175],"Through":[176],"hardware/software":[178],"co-design":[179],"approach,":[180],"achieves":[184,204],"high":[185],"efficiency":[186],"supporting":[188],"all":[189],"schemes.":[194],"Evaluations":[195],"Kyber":[197,250],"Dilithium":[199,257],"show":[200,238],"over":[205,215],"10x":[206],"speedup":[207,217],"compared":[208],"baseline":[211],"RISC-V":[212],"5x":[216],"versus":[218],"ARM":[219],"Cortex":[220],"M4":[221],"implementations,":[222],"making":[223],"it":[224],"promising":[226],"solution":[227],"securing":[229],"communications":[231],"storage.":[233],"Moreover,":[234],"Silicon":[235],"synthesis":[236],"results":[237],"run":[242],"at":[243],"200":[244],"MHz":[245],"2.01":[247],"mW":[248,255],"KEM":[251],"512":[252],"2.13":[254],"2,":[258],"outperforms":[260],"state-of-the-art":[261],"works":[262],"terms":[264],"PPAP":[266],"(Performance":[267],"x":[268,270],"Power":[269],"Area).":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}