{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294323124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","title":"Single-Trace Side-Channel Attacks on the Toom-Cook: The Case Study of Saber","display_name":"Single-Trace Side-Channel Attacks on the Toom-Cook: The Case Study of Saber","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294323124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9821/9326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9821/9326","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771495","display_name":"Yanbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-9270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054041765","display_name":"Jiajie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1930-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102000309","display_name":"Yuxin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4212-0644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462347","display_name":"Zhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002595233","display_name":"Ming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8419-0996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100771495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8326,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77810464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"285","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.7232922911643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.7119725346565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7091778516769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.6854812502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.648039698600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6226919293403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.44339025020599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43810850381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.4262891709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41670554876327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4157832860946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4121430814266205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3879665732383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.322111040353775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20943433046340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13774922490119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.08231872320175171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.7232922911643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7119725346565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7091778516769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.6854812502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.648039698600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6226919293403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.44339025020599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43810850381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4262891709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41670554876327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4157832860946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4121430814266205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3879665732383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.322111040353775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20943433046340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13774922490119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.08231872320175171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9821/9326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1fd1cce0aae0408da2dd51c0fa719b16","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1fd1cce0aae0408da2dd51c0fa719b16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2022, Iss 4 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f19347fe089496baf1190fe11a5e441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f19347fe089496baf1190fe11a5e441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2022, Iss 4 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.285-310","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9821/9326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1249636323","display_name":"\u8bf1\u5bfc\u5f0f\u786c\u4ef6\u6728\u9a6c\u68c0\u6d4b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1394481809","display_name":"\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4fa7\u4fe1\u9053\u6cc4\u9732\u6eaf\u6e90\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210377478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294323124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294323124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568081588","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1549962104","https://openalex.org/W1599906532","https://openalex.org/W1607198972","https://openalex.org/W1736874106","https://openalex.org/W1873601359","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2001121794","https://openalex.org/W2048228667","https://openalex.org/W2092883204","https://openalex.org/W2127856956","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2140823840","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2169732368","https://openalex.org/W2171677808","https://openalex.org/W2284081067","https://openalex.org/W2326953769","https://openalex.org/W2394785274","https://openalex.org/W2412886904","https://openalex.org/W2549584611","https://openalex.org/W2552357046","https://openalex.org/W2575714403","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2740580365","https://openalex.org/W2796314191","https://openalex.org/W2808296455","https://openalex.org/W2810304817","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2895332594","https://openalex.org/W2897986553","https://openalex.org/W2898504156","https://openalex.org/W2921614580","https://openalex.org/W2939963136","https://openalex.org/W2944971662","https://openalex.org/W2951078157","https://openalex.org/W2954035222","https://openalex.org/W2970505531","https://openalex.org/W2970990324","https://openalex.org/W2972972326","https://openalex.org/W2979160478","https://openalex.org/W2990296674","https://openalex.org/W2996022685","https://openalex.org/W2999084291","https://openalex.org/W3004095230","https://openalex.org/W3013348637","https://openalex.org/W3015791201","https://openalex.org/W3038049909","https://openalex.org/W3046851570","https://openalex.org/W3046863412","https://openalex.org/W3082776805","https://openalex.org/W3092436054","https://openalex.org/W3092597387","https://openalex.org/W3097833434","https://openalex.org/W3108763476","https://openalex.org/W3159559383","https://openalex.org/W3171177138","https://openalex.org/W3173669294","https://openalex.org/W3178862870","https://openalex.org/W3183184671","https://openalex.org/W3202360051","https://openalex.org/W3204480019","https://openalex.org/W3210769154","https://openalex.org/W3212511606","https://openalex.org/W4206155091","https://openalex.org/W4230633622","https://openalex.org/W4232553984","https://openalex.org/W4235846187","https://openalex.org/W4238796697","https://openalex.org/W4242970760","https://openalex.org/W4254706618","https://openalex.org/W4280604672","https://openalex.org/W4287118054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W5280335","https://openalex.org/W2782264121","https://openalex.org/W1968560271","https://openalex.org/W4310880110","https://openalex.org/W2164725015","https://openalex.org/W2143541717","https://openalex.org/W2327603067","https://openalex.org/W4379141644","https://openalex.org/W4292072120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,139],"Toom-Cook":[1,50,60],"method":[2],"is":[3,100,144],"a":[4,67,113],"well-known":[5],"strategy":[6],"for":[7,44],"building":[8],"algorithms":[9,24],"to":[10,39,104,133,155],"multiply":[11],"polynomials":[12],"efficiently.":[13],"Along":[14],"with":[15,102],"NTT-based":[16],"polynomial":[17,22],"multiplication,":[18],"Toom-Cook-based":[19],"or":[20],"Karatsuba-based":[21],"multiplication":[23],"still":[25],"have":[26,51],"regained":[27],"attention":[28],"since":[29,110],"the":[30,33,40,46,57,62,81,87,93,106,120,125,135,142,152,157],"start":[31],"of":[32,49,59,65,71,108,116,141],"NIST\u2019s":[34,72],"post-quantum":[35,73],"standardization":[36,74],"procedure.":[37],"Compared":[38],"comprehensive":[41],"analysis":[42,99],"done":[43],"NTT,":[45],"leakage":[47],"characteristics":[48],"not":[52],"been":[53],"discussed.":[54],"We":[55,149],"analyze":[56],"vulnerabilities":[58],"in":[61,119],"reference":[63],"implementation":[64],"Saber,":[66],"third":[68],"round":[69],"finalist":[70],"process.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"work,":[78],"we":[79,123],"present":[80],"first":[82],"single-trace":[83],"attack":[84,90,136,143],"based":[85],"on":[86],"soft-analytical":[88],"side-channel":[89],"(SASCA)":[91],"targeting":[92],"Toom-Cook.":[94,121],"deep":[96],"learning-based":[97],"power":[98],"combined":[101],"SASCA":[103],"decrease":[105],"number":[107,115],"templates":[109],"there":[111],"are":[112],"large":[114],"similar":[117],"operations":[118],"Moreover,":[122],"describe":[124],"optimized":[126],"factor":[127],"graph":[128],"and":[129],"improved":[130],"belief":[131],"propagation":[132],"make":[134],"more":[137],"practical.":[138],"feasibility":[140],"verified":[145],"by":[146],"evaluation":[147],"experiments.":[148],"also":[150],"discuss":[151],"possible":[153],"countermeasures":[154],"prevent":[156],"attack.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}