{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215484611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","title":"Scabbard: a suite of efficient learning with rounding key-encapsulation mechanisms","display_name":"Scabbard: a suite of efficient learning with rounding key-encapsulation mechanisms","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215484611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","mag":"3215484611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9073/8660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9073/8660","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022500026","display_name":"Jose Maria Bermudo Mera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-5728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Maria Bermudo Mera","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044163841","display_name":"Angshuman Karmakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-588X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angshuman Karmakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076712304","display_name":"Suparna Kundu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-852X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suparna Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082347771","display_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4329,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85242626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"474","last_page":"509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.820301353931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.7759765386581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.7282592058181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rounding","display_name":"Rounding","score":0.6947965621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5803868770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5462942719459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-with-errors","display_name":"Learning with errors","score":0.472713440656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4553239643573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43688246607780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4291522800922394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4281110465526581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.40773293375968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.38089749217033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3726521134376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15429681539535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14048701524734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08782964944839478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.820301353931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.7759765386581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.7282592058181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136625980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663208","display_name":"Rounding","level":2,"score":0.6947965621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5803868770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5462942719459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779014939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510239","display_name":"Learning with errors","level":3,"score":0.472713440656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4553239643573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43688246607780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4291522800922394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4281110465526581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.40773293375968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.38089749217033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3726521134376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15429681539535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14048701524734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08782964944839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9073/8660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/692684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/692684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, vol. 2021 (4), (474-509)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77f14bd8bf414aed88cbdd4f2763b2ab","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77f14bd8bf414aed88cbdd4f2763b2ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2021, Iss 4 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/9073/8660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3460248328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C16/15/058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3924920570","display_name":"Functional Encryption Technologies","funder_award_id":"780108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4281908003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"695305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7517242433","display_name":"IMPULS-AI-2021","funder_award_id":"VR 2019 2203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","funder_display_name":"Vlaamse regering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7977722673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR20192203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","funder_display_name":"KU Leuven"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338339","display_name":"H2020 Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215484611.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215484611.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80562455","https://openalex.org/W151792660","https://openalex.org/W190530026","https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1506156414","https://openalex.org/W1535624876","https://openalex.org/W1576391039","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1607264302","https://openalex.org/W1850474952","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W1995261385","https://openalex.org/W2001121794","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2015281423","https://openalex.org/W2038761522","https://openalex.org/W2069448237","https://openalex.org/W2071825329","https://openalex.org/W2110058490","https://openalex.org/W2113333997","https://openalex.org/W2126483728","https://openalex.org/W2159690657","https://openalex.org/W2398538644","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2494078997","https://openalex.org/W2613328171","https://openalex.org/W2739600916","https://openalex.org/W2740580365","https://openalex.org/W2779943051","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2794903163","https://openalex.org/W2796314191","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2888804078","https://openalex.org/W2889076512","https://openalex.org/W2889207572","https://openalex.org/W2894517745","https://openalex.org/W2903270393","https://openalex.org/W2972939487","https://openalex.org/W2979178169","https://openalex.org/W2979267788","https://openalex.org/W2982503104","https://openalex.org/W2982668001","https://openalex.org/W2988496150","https://openalex.org/W2989640844","https://openalex.org/W2990055785","https://openalex.org/W3003308444","https://openalex.org/W3004134347","https://openalex.org/W3012968768","https://openalex.org/W3013288840","https://openalex.org/W3013348637","https://openalex.org/W3023641472","https://openalex.org/W3038049909","https://openalex.org/W3107240409","https://openalex.org/W3135898413","https://openalex.org/W3159559383","https://openalex.org/W3207898969","https://openalex.org/W4229637647","https://openalex.org/W4229941893","https://openalex.org/W4235199656","https://openalex.org/W4240339612","https://openalex.org/W4251710990","https://openalex.org/W4254706618","https://openalex.org/W4287553354","https://openalex.org/W4293168393","https://openalex.org/W4399426994"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220780102","https://openalex.org/W2410881844","https://openalex.org/W3196334750","https://openalex.org/W1502401885","https://openalex.org/W2004257129","https://openalex.org/W2963103512","https://openalex.org/W4221138287","https://openalex.org/W2929170389","https://openalex.org/W2748428003","https://openalex.org/W3179993700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,33],"this":[1,34,90],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36,111],"introduce":[4],"Scabbard,":[5],"a":[6,121],"suite":[7,13],"of":[8,26,98,115,124],"post-quantum":[9,59],"keyencapsulation":[10],"mechanisms.":[11],"Our":[12],"contains":[14],"three":[15,117],"different":[16],"schemes":[17,52,67,100,119,156],"Florete,":[18],"Espada,":[19],"and":[20,53,79,134,143],"Sable":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23,43,58,65,105,120,152],"the":[24,40,56,72,96,99,159],"hardness":[25],"module-":[27],"or":[28,101,165],"ring-learning":[29],"with":[30],"rounding":[31],"problem.":[32],"work,":[35],"first":[37],"show":[38,88,150],"how":[39],"latest":[41],"advancements":[42],"lattice-based":[44],"cryptographycan":[45],"be":[46,92],"utilized":[47],"to":[48],"create":[49],"new":[50,118],"better":[51],"even":[54],"improve":[55],"state-of-the-art":[57,160],"cryptography.":[60],"We":[61,87,149],"put":[62],"particular":[63],"focus":[64],"designing":[66],"that":[68,89,151],"can":[69,91,157],"optimally":[70],"exploit":[71],"parallelism":[73],"offered":[74],"by":[75],"certain":[76],"hardware":[77,144],"platforms":[78,125,138,145],"are":[80],"also":[81],"suitable":[82],"for":[83],"resource":[84],"constrained":[85],"devices.":[86],"achieved":[93],"without":[94],"compromising":[95],"security":[97],"penalizing":[102],"their":[103],"performance":[104],"other":[106],"platforms.To":[107],"substantiate":[108],"our":[109,116,155],"claims,":[110],"provide":[112],"optimized":[113],"implementations":[114],"wide":[122],"range":[123],"including":[126],"general-purpose":[127],"Intel":[128],"processors":[129],"using":[130],"both":[131],"portable":[132],"C":[133],"vectorized":[135],"instructions,":[136],"embedded":[137],"such":[139,146],"as":[140,147],"Cortex-M4":[141],"microcontrollers,":[142],"FPGAs.":[148],"each":[153],"platform,":[154],"outperform":[158],"in":[161],"speed,":[162],"memory":[163],"footprint,":[164],"area":[166],"requirements.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}
