{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179993700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","title":"Learning Parity with Physical Noise: Imperfections, Reductions and FPGA Prototype","display_name":"Learning Parity with Physical Noise: Imperfections, Reductions and FPGA Prototype","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179993700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","mag":"3179993700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/8979/8557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/8979/8557","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090882290","display_name":"Davide Bellizia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-4410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Bellizia","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042802532","display_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102961936","display_name":"Dina Kamel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dina Kamel","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101740390","display_name":"Hanlin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3843-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanlin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011712559","display_name":"Pierrick M\u00e9aux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5733-4341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierrick M\u00e9aux","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070542865","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois\u2010Xavier Standaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-0285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, ICTEAM, Crypto Group, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417226","display_name":"Yu Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-4521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3051,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56206457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"390","last_page":"417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7580304145812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6057616472244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5670579075813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-with-errors","display_name":"Learning with errors","score":0.5660527348518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.5382080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-security","display_name":"Physical security","score":0.5371034741401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5304189324378967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.48888105154037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4642522931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4447004199028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4418075382709503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-encryption-standard","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","score":0.4408707618713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.42432135343551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.40497708320617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3412381410598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26327186822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17967316508293152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7580304145812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6057616472244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5670579075813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779014939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510239","display_name":"Learning with errors","level":3,"score":0.5660527348518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5382080078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851598","display_name":"Physical security","level":2,"score":0.5371034741401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5304189324378967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.48888105154037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4642522931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4447004199028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4418075382709503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.4408707618713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.42432135343551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40497708320617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3412381410598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26327186822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17967316508293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/8979/8557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:256817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/256817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol. 2021, no.3, p. 390-417 (2021)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f5b2c12ef5642fa8ffc519bda795862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f5b2c12ef5642fa8ffc519bda795862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2021, Iss 3 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.390-417","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/8979/8557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1999545802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"724725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179993700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179993700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49599189","https://openalex.org/W108606907","https://openalex.org/W139192289","https://openalex.org/W164455290","https://openalex.org/W258916635","https://openalex.org/W1052697673","https://openalex.org/W1499766499","https://openalex.org/W1505895358","https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W1529679142","https://openalex.org/W1535624876","https://openalex.org/W1564025554","https://openalex.org/W1572614022","https://openalex.org/W1593488290","https://openalex.org/W1605324412","https://openalex.org/W1769884570","https://openalex.org/W1856342626","https://openalex.org/W1982515552","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W1995897489","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2038761522","https://openalex.org/W2059944403","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2072631813","https://openalex.org/W2106332032","https://openalex.org/W2111809688","https://openalex.org/W2125903279","https://openalex.org/W2144630005","https://openalex.org/W2153885989","https://openalex.org/W2160584199","https://openalex.org/W2398026502","https://openalex.org/W2466376731","https://openalex.org/W2484680112","https://openalex.org/W2524910869","https://openalex.org/W2613178308","https://openalex.org/W2783032164","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2802937194","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2890999648","https://openalex.org/W2896286715","https://openalex.org/W2896379968","https://openalex.org/W2951855512","https://openalex.org/W2982506318","https://openalex.org/W2986933415","https://openalex.org/W2989843281","https://openalex.org/W3081417825","https://openalex.org/W3082860856","https://openalex.org/W3083320881","https://openalex.org/W4231098049","https://openalex.org/W4232122552","https://openalex.org/W6665587574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385743990","https://openalex.org/W4300994926","https://openalex.org/W2350176425","https://openalex.org/W4214920459","https://openalex.org/W1499266877","https://openalex.org/W4312061170","https://openalex.org/W2953258282","https://openalex.org/W3049177476","https://openalex.org/W2022773963","https://openalex.org/W3179993700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hard":[0,47],"learning":[1,49],"problems":[2,50],"are":[3,163],"important":[4],"building":[5],"blocks":[6],"for":[7,73],"the":[8,52,75,126,129,145,167],"design":[9],"of":[10,26,80,128,144,176],"various":[11],"cryptographic":[12],"functionalities":[13],"such":[14,27,117,161],"as":[15,118,164,166],"authentication":[16],"protocols":[17],"and":[18,43,77,183],"post-quantum":[19],"public":[20,41],"key":[21],"encryption.":[22],"The":[23],"standard":[24,115,168],"implementations":[25],"schemes":[28],"add":[29],"some":[30],"controlled":[31],"errors":[32],"to":[33,63,104,122],"simple":[34],"(e.g.,":[35],"inner":[36],"product)":[37],"computations":[38],"involving":[39],"a":[40,44],"challenge":[42],"secret":[45],"key.":[46],"physical":[48,78,94],"formalize":[51],"potential":[53,72],"gains":[54],"that":[55,96,148,157,179],"could":[56],"be":[57,112],"obtained":[58],"by":[59],"leveraging":[60],"inexact":[61],"computing":[62],"directly":[64],"generate":[65],"erroneous":[66],"samples.":[67],"While":[68],"they":[69],"have":[70],"good":[71],"improving":[74],"performances":[76],"security":[79,105,182],"more":[81],"conventional":[82],"samplers":[83],"when":[84],"implemented":[85],"in":[86,99,125],"specialized":[87],"integrated":[88],"circuits,":[89],"it":[90],"remains":[91],"unknown":[92],"whether":[93,108],"defaults":[95],"inevitably":[97],"occur":[98],"their":[100,109],"instantiation":[101],"can":[102,111],"lead":[103],"losses,":[106],"nor":[107],"implementation":[110],"viable":[113],"on":[114],"platforms":[116],"FPGAs.":[119],"We":[120],"contribute":[121],"these":[123],"questions":[124],"context":[127],"Learning":[130],"Parity":[131],"with":[132,160],"Physical":[133],"Noise":[134],"(LPPN)":[135],"problem":[136],"by:":[137],"(1)":[138],"exhibiting":[139],"new":[140],"(output)":[141],"data":[142],"dependencies":[143,162],"error":[146],"probabilities":[147],"LPPN":[149,158,177],"samples":[150],"may":[151],"suffer":[152],"from;":[153],"(2)":[154],"formally":[155],"showing":[156],"instances":[159],"hard":[165],"LPN":[169],"problem;":[170],"(3)":[171],"analyzing":[172],"an":[173],"FPGA":[174],"prototype":[175],"processor":[178],"satisfies":[180],"basic":[181],"performance":[184],"requirements.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
