{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126717069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","title":"Secure, Accurate, and Practical Narrow-Band Ranging System","display_name":"Secure, Accurate, and Practical Narrow-Band Ranging System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126717069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","mag":"3126717069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071946922","display_name":"Aysajan Abidin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-3608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aysajan Abidin","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, imec-COSIC, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, imec-COSIC, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001856781","display_name":"Mohieddine El Soussi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohieddine El Soussi","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006640391","display_name":"Jac Romme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-2993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jac Romme","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034951808","display_name":"Pepijn Boer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pepijn Boer","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009111901","display_name":"Dave Singel\u00e9e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-698X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Singel\u00e9e","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, imec-COSIC, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, imec-COSIC, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012320658","display_name":"Christian Bachmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-2758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bachmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71671812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"106","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9351083040237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7258589267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.6497628688812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6108289361000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5937618017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.509924054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4971156418323517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33899715542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33780574798583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14464277029037476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9351083040237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258589267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.6497628688812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6108289361000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5937618017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.509924054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4971156418323517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33899715542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33780574798583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14464277029037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/722227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/722227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, vol. 2021 (2), (106-135)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea9ba8ea190343fcb16f1d2bcc1930a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea9ba8ea190343fcb16f1d2bcc1930a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Vol 2021, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i2.106-135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196904144","https://openalex.org/W365850277","https://openalex.org/W1490052377","https://openalex.org/W1494610650","https://openalex.org/W1504280744","https://openalex.org/W1506423323","https://openalex.org/W1533298133","https://openalex.org/W1593865393","https://openalex.org/W1598297854","https://openalex.org/W1599976967","https://openalex.org/W1632109869","https://openalex.org/W1727616536","https://openalex.org/W1754999230","https://openalex.org/W1772901473","https://openalex.org/W1868922675","https://openalex.org/W1892798954","https://openalex.org/W1901278359","https://openalex.org/W1966908214","https://openalex.org/W2012462772","https://openalex.org/W2042358705","https://openalex.org/W2052187872","https://openalex.org/W2096464855","https://openalex.org/W2099198684","https://openalex.org/W2101188359","https://openalex.org/W2115205111","https://openalex.org/W2122276126","https://openalex.org/W2127785555","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2269598925","https://openalex.org/W2314363262","https://openalex.org/W2532065264","https://openalex.org/W2613836390","https://openalex.org/W3040603587","https://openalex.org/W3043762149","https://openalex.org/W4245640329","https://openalex.org/W4251010021","https://openalex.org/W4300349690"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2376202349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Relay":[0],"attacks":[1,121],"pose":[2],"a":[3,65,75],"serious":[4],"security":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,30,92,110,127],"wireless":[8,198],"systems,":[9,14,17],"such":[10,86,133],"as,":[11],"contactless":[12],"payment":[13],"keyless":[15],"entry":[16],"or":[18],"smart":[19],"access":[20],"control":[21],"systems.":[22],"Distance":[23],"bounding":[24,54,80],"protocols,":[25,55],"which":[26],"allow":[27],"an":[28],"entity":[29,35],"not":[31],"only":[32],"authenticate":[33],"another":[34],"but":[36,106],"also":[37,123],"determine":[38],"whether":[39],"it":[40,107,166],"is":[41,108],"physically":[42],"close":[43],"by,":[44],"effectively":[45,138],"mitigate":[46,94,118],"relay":[47,95,177],"attacks.":[48,96,113,134],"However,":[49],"secure":[50,76],"implementation":[51],"of":[52,57,142,161,185],"distance":[53,79,104],"especially":[56],"the":[58,129,140,157,186],"time":[59],"critical":[60],"challenge-response":[61],"phase,":[62],"has":[63],"been":[64],"challenging":[66],"task.":[67],"In":[68,114],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,117,164],"design":[72],"and":[73,77,149,159,172,176,183,193],"implement":[74],"accurate":[78,103],"protocol":[81,137],"based":[82],"on":[83,167],"Narrow-Band":[84,97],"signals,":[85],"as":[87],"Bluetooth":[88],"Low":[89],"Energy":[90],"(BLE),":[91],"particularly":[93],"ranging,":[98,101],"specifically,":[99],"phase-based":[100,145],"enables":[102],"measurement,":[105],"vulnerable":[109],"phase":[111,119],"rollover":[112,120],"our":[115,136,162],"solution,":[116,163],"by":[122,132],"measuring":[124],"time-of-flight":[125,150],"(ToF)":[126,151],"detect":[128],"delay":[130],"introduced":[131],"Therefore,":[135],"combines":[139],"best":[141],"both":[143],"worlds:":[144],"ranging":[146,188],"for":[147,153],"accuracy":[148,184],"measurement":[152],"security.":[154],"To":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"feasibility":[158],"practicality":[160],"prototype":[165],"NXP":[168],"KW36":[169],"BLE":[170],"chips":[171],"evaluate":[173],"its":[174],"performance":[175],"attack":[178],"resistance.":[179],"The":[180],"obtained":[181],"precision":[182],"presented":[187],"solution":[189],"are":[190],"2.5":[191],"cm":[192],"30":[194],"cm,":[195],"respectively,":[196],"in":[197],"measurements.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
