{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159415558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","title":"Password Generation and Search Space Reduction","display_name":"Password Generation and Search Space Reduction","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159415558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","mag":"2159415558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77894049","display_name":"Journal of Computers","issn_l":"1796-203X","issn":["1796-203X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318660","host_organization_name":"Academy Publisher","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy Publisher"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/142478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071972353","display_name":"Kirsi Helkala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-4585"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirsi Helkala","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007276490","display_name":"Einar Snekkenes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-6964"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Einar Snekkenes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96584394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.650713324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.6409332752227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.54914790391922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3045395314693451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1423678696155548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.041020870208740234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.650713324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6409332752227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.54914790391922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3045395314693451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1423678696155548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.041020870208740234}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.4.7.663-669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77894049","display_name":"Journal of Computers","issn_l":"1796-203X","issn":["1796-203X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318660","host_organization_name":"Academy Publisher","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy Publisher"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.324.1396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.324.1396","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.academypublisher.com/jcp/vol04/no07/jcp0407663669.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/142478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/142478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"663-669","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/142478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/142478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"663-669","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498728415","https://openalex.org/W1582830784","https://openalex.org/W1955645522","https://openalex.org/W2009226705","https://openalex.org/W2020274819","https://openalex.org/W2066345778","https://openalex.org/W2086553822","https://openalex.org/W2104773223","https://openalex.org/W2110361443","https://openalex.org/W2121386924","https://openalex.org/W2128531630","https://openalex.org/W2131877534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W1989237518","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W107495730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"\u2014":[1,91],"It":[2],"is":[3],"easy":[4],"for":[5],"humans":[6],"to":[7],"design":[8],"passwords":[9,16,30,70],"that":[10,67],"are":[11],"easily":[12],"remembered.":[13],"However,":[14],"such":[15],"may":[17],"have":[18,27,50,64],"a":[19],"predictable":[20],"structure,":[21],"making":[22],"exhaustive":[23],"search":[24,96],"feasible.":[25],"We":[26],"divided":[28],"human-generated":[29],"into":[31],"three":[32],"categories:":[33],"Non-word":[34],"passwords,":[35,37],"Mixture":[36],"and":[38,86],"Word":[39],"passwords;":[40],"depending":[41],"on":[42],"their":[43],"overall":[44],"structure.":[45],"Within":[46],"these":[47],"categories,":[48],"we":[49,63],"analyzed":[51],"the":[52,80],"search-space":[53],"reduction":[54],"of":[55,82],"several":[56],"common":[57],"password":[58,74,94],"sub-structures.":[59],"From":[60],"this":[61],"analysis,":[62],"derived":[65],"guidelines":[66],"yield":[68],"strong":[69,85],"within":[71],"in":[72],"each":[73],"category.":[75],"Our":[76],"results":[77],"contribute":[78],"towards":[79],"goal":[81],"achieving":[83],"both":[84],"memorable":[87],"passwords.":[88],"Index":[89],"Terms":[90],"Password":[92],"security,":[93],"policy,":[95],"space":[97],"reduction,":[98],"personnel":[99],"authentication":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}