{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993228048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","title":"4G Security Using Physical Layer RF-DNA with DE-Optimized LFS Classification","display_name":"4G Security Using Physical Layer RF-DNA with DE-Optimized LFS Classification","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993228048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","mag":"1993228048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184821498","display_name":"Journal of Communications","issn_l":"1796-2021","issn":["1796-2021","2374-4367"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323867253","host_organization_name":"International Communication Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323867253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Communication Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056958626","display_name":"Paul K. Harmer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Harmer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086759726","display_name":"Michael A. Temple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-3293"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Temple","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001058146","display_name":"Mark A. Buckner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-8067"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Buckner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112207525","display_name":"Ethan Farquhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Farquhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056958626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79403237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5689133405685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4553471505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.42564791440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.22972619533538818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12404417991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11562281847000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.10270741581916809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689133405685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4553471505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.42564791440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.22972619533538818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12404417991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11562281847000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.10270741581916809}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4304/jcm.6.9.671-681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184821498","display_name":"Journal of Communications","issn_l":"1796-2021","issn":["1796-2021","2374-4367"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323867253","host_organization_name":"International Communication Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323867253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Communication Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.659.3909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.659.3909","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ojs.academypublisher.com/index.php/jcm/article/viewFile/jcm0609671681/4073/","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194800985","https://openalex.org/W1483683835","https://openalex.org/W2006208855","https://openalex.org/W2036762380","https://openalex.org/W2096773124","https://openalex.org/W2316431536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367396215","https://openalex.org/W2356462219","https://openalex.org/W2391467445","https://openalex.org/W1991350004","https://openalex.org/W2791069031","https://openalex.org/W2783856840","https://openalex.org/W2404729074","https://openalex.org/W1586402462","https://openalex.org/W3204032069","https://openalex.org/W2621184516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract\u2014Wireless":[0],"communication":[1],"networks":[2,53],"remain":[3],"un-der":[4],"attack":[5],"with":[6,89,217],"ill-intentioned":[7],"\u201chackers":[8],"\u201d":[9,86,113],"routinely":[10],"gain-ing":[11],"unauthorized":[12],"access":[13],"through":[14,96],"Wireless":[15],"Access":[16],"Points":[17],"(WAPs)\u2013one":[18],"of":[19,37,54,81,141,196,210,221,231],"the":[20,35,79,160,194,211,229],"most":[21],"vulnerable":[22],"points":[23],"in":[24,176],"an":[25,108],"information":[26],"technology":[27],"system.":[28],"The":[29,51,100,128,179],"goal":[30],"here":[31],"is":[32,105,130,155,181,206],"to":[33,44,65,77,224,233],"demonstrate":[34,78],"feasibility":[36],"using":[38,117,157,183],"Radio":[39],"Frequency":[40],"(RF)":[41],"air":[42],"monitoring":[43],"augment":[45],"conventional":[46],"bit-level":[47],"security":[48],"at":[49],"WAPs.":[50],"spe-cific":[52],"interest":[55],"are":[56,75,214],"those":[57],"based":[58],"on":[59,203],"Orthogonal":[60],"Fre-quency":[61],"Division":[62],"Multiplexing":[63],"(OFDM),":[64],"include":[66],"802.11a/g":[67],"WiFi":[68,145],"and":[69,122,147,165,186,199],"4G":[70],"802.16":[71],"WiMAX.":[72],"Proof-of-concept":[73],"results":[74,158,209],"presented":[76],"effectiveness":[80],"a":[82,137,166],"\u201cLearning":[83],"from":[84,136,159],"Signals":[85],"(LFS)":[87],"classifier":[88,104,164,173,204,213],"Gaussian":[90],"kernel":[91,201],"band-width":[92],"parameters":[93],"optimally":[94],"determined":[95],"Differential":[97],"Evolution":[98],"(DE).":[99],"resultant":[101],"DE-optimized":[102,162,212],"LFS":[103,163],"implemented":[106],"within":[107],"RF":[109],"\u201cDistinct":[110],"Native":[111],"Attribute":[112],"(RF-DNA)":[114],"fingerprinting":[115],"process":[116],"both":[118,191],"Time":[119],"Domain":[120,124],"(TD)":[121],"Spectral":[123],"(SD)":[125],"input":[126],"features.":[127],"RF-DNA":[129],"used":[131,175],"for":[132,190],"intra-manufacturer":[133],"(like-model":[134],"devices":[135,146],"given":[138],"manufacturer)":[139],"discrimination":[140],"IEEE":[142],"compliant":[143],"802.11a":[144],"802.16e":[148],"WiMAX":[149],"devices.":[150],"A":[151],"comparative":[152],"performance":[153,205],"assessment":[154,180],"provided":[156],"proposed":[161],"Bayesian-based":[167],"Multiple":[168],"Discriminant":[169],"Analysis/Maximum":[170],"Likelihood":[171],"(MDA/ML)":[172],"as":[174],"previous":[177],"demonstrations.":[178],"performed":[182],"identical":[184],"TD":[185],"SD":[187],"fingerprint":[188],"features":[189],"classifiers.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"impact":[195],"Gaussian,":[197],"triangular,":[198],"uniform":[200],"functions":[202],"demonstrated.":[207],"Preliminary":[208],"very":[215],"promising,":[216],"correct":[218],"classification":[219],"improvement":[220],"15":[222],"%":[223,226],"40":[225],"realized":[227],"over":[228],"range":[230],"signal":[232],"noise":[234],"ratios":[235],"considered.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
