{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4237043730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","title":"","display_name":"","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4237043730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","pdf_url":"http://www.theoryofcomputing.org/articles/v012a013/v012a013.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142665794","display_name":"Theory of Computing","issn_l":"1557-2862","issn":["1557-2862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315690","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.theoryofcomputing.org/articles/v012a013/v012a013.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073490534","display_name":"Nicole Megow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-7644"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Megow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022963784","display_name":"Mary Wootters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-2531"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Wootters","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45602530241012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3480493724346161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45602530241012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3480493724346161}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","pdf_url":"http://www.theoryofcomputing.org/articles/v012a013/v012a013.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142665794","display_name":"Theory of Computing","issn_l":"1557-2862","issn":["1557-2862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315690","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4086/toc.2016.v012a013","pdf_url":"http://www.theoryofcomputing.org/articles/v012a013/v012a013.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142665794","display_name":"Theory of Computing","issn_l":"1557-2862","issn":["1557-2862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315690","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309369","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322676","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323873","display_name":"Uniwersytet Warszawski","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324473","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332502","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333031","display_name":"University of California Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334164","display_name":"Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California Berkeley","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4237043730.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4237043730.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"selection":[1]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-17T22:08:43.090829","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}