{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038809593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010070101","title":"Transhumanism and Its Critics","display_name":"Transhumanism and Its Critics","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038809593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010070101","mag":"2038809593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jte.2010070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54269052","display_name":"International Journal of Technoethics","issn_l":"1947-3451","issn":["1947-3451","1947-346X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technoethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042696232","display_name":"Keith Bauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32231729","display_name":"Jefferson College of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01616f936","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32231729"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith A. Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jefferson College of Health Sciences, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jefferson College of Health Sciences, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32231729"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042696232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32231729"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4829,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66905715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12788","display_name":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transhumanism","display_name":"Transhumanism","score":0.9895762205123901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.8214280009269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.6200183033943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-enhancement","display_name":"Human enhancement","score":0.47824326157569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.46080872416496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-philosophy","display_name":"Political philosophy","score":0.4350980520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.4347354769706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posthumanism","display_name":"Posthumanism","score":0.4146745204925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3889303207397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.36322152614593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-ethics","display_name":"Environmental ethics","score":0.34419649839401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3325495719909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20153838396072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.18455544114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16346055269241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10784375667572021}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551067111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194100","display_name":"Transhumanism","level":2,"score":0.9895762205123901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.8214280009269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6200183033943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779706800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495354","display_name":"Human enhancement","level":2,"score":0.47824326157569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.46080872416496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79841651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179805","display_name":"Political philosophy","level":3,"score":0.4350980520248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.4347354769706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779726722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119946","display_name":"Posthumanism","level":2,"score":0.4146745204925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3889303207397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.36322152614593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.34419649839401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3325495719909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20153838396072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18455544114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16346055269241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10784375667572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jte.2010070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54269052","display_name":"International Journal of Technoethics","issn_l":"1947-3451","issn":["1947-3451","1947-346X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technoethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jt0000:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-10","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jte.2010070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304727013","https://openalex.org/W421612684","https://openalex.org/W434039556","https://openalex.org/W572587390","https://openalex.org/W599004948","https://openalex.org/W635851146","https://openalex.org/W647399044","https://openalex.org/W1488597720","https://openalex.org/W1501162584","https://openalex.org/W1548454375","https://openalex.org/W1558231872","https://openalex.org/W1563244828","https://openalex.org/W1575338341","https://openalex.org/W1773511218","https://openalex.org/W1988492686","https://openalex.org/W1993091619","https://openalex.org/W2017060242","https://openalex.org/W2171208532","https://openalex.org/W2189338452","https://openalex.org/W2900033011","https://openalex.org/W4241592049","https://openalex.org/W4253898901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390544700","https://openalex.org/W2999856682","https://openalex.org/W4368404976","https://openalex.org/W2145588781","https://openalex.org/W2597179154","https://openalex.org/W4247037192","https://openalex.org/W4285494909","https://openalex.org/W4387943646","https://openalex.org/W2962291626","https://openalex.org/W4313496829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transhumanism":[0],"is":[1,36,92,126],"a":[2,26,116],"social,":[3],"technological,":[4],"political,":[5],"and":[6,25,40,45,47,59,75,103,108],"philosophical":[7,57],"movement":[8,35],"that":[9,71,86,97,124,131],"advocates":[10],"the":[11,62,99],"transformation":[12],"of":[13,18,28,33,101],"human":[14],"nature":[15],"by":[16,120],"means":[17],"pharmacology,":[19],"genetic":[20],"manipulation,":[21],"cybernetic":[22],"modification,":[23],"nanotechnology,":[24],"host":[27],"other":[29],"technologies.":[30],"The":[31,89,112],"aim":[32],"this":[34],"to":[37],"increase":[38],"physical":[39],"sensory":[41],"abilities,":[42],"augment":[43],"intelligence":[44],"memory,":[46],"extend":[48],"lifespan.":[49],"After":[50],"providing":[51],"some":[52],"background":[53],"on":[54],"transhumanism,":[55,69],"its":[56,60],"heritage,":[58],"goals,":[61],"author":[63],"looks":[64],"at":[65],"three":[66],"arguments":[67,83],"against":[68,84],"arguing":[70],"they":[72],"are":[73],"unpersuasive":[74],"should":[76],"be":[77,133],"rejected.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"two":[82],"transhumanism":[85],"have":[87],"merit.":[88],"first":[90],"argument":[91,94,114],"an":[93,127],"from":[95],"justice":[96],"addresses":[98],"distribution":[100],"benefits":[102],"burdens":[104],"for":[105],"funding,":[106],"developing,":[107],"employing":[109],"enhancement":[110],"technology.":[111],"second":[113],"examines":[115],"significant":[117],"assumption":[118],"held":[119],"many":[121],"transhumanists,":[122],"namely,":[123],"there":[125],"essential":[128],"\u201chuman":[129],"nature\u201d":[130],"can":[132],"transcended.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}