{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082094361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2012040101","title":"What is Technology?","display_name":"What is Technology?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082094361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2012040101","mag":"2082094361"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jskd.2012040101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2012040101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177842713","display_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","issn_l":"1941-6253","issn":["1941-6253","1941-6261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roy Woodhead","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roy Woodhead","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Enterprise Services ITO, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Enterprise Services ITO, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17458969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.6496626138687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5381653308868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-education","display_name":"Technology education","score":0.5373138189315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-intelligence","display_name":"Collective intelligence","score":0.47805526852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"Technological change","score":0.4429049789905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.41809794306755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.345198392868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.33578741550445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3258565068244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3198765516281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25949639081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20216292142868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.1295928955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09431490302085876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.6496626138687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5381653308868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547231352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750986","display_name":"Technology education","level":2,"score":0.5373138189315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89057211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432197","display_name":"Collective intelligence","level":2,"score":0.47805526852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.4429049789905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41809794306755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.345198392868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33578741550445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3258565068244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3198765516281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25949639081954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20216292142868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1295928955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09431490302085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jskd.2012040101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2012040101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177842713","display_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","issn_l":"1941-6253","issn":["1941-6253","1941-6261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jskd00:v:4:y:2012:i:2:p:1-13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jskd.2012040101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181665514","https://openalex.org/W591997242","https://openalex.org/W1502360533","https://openalex.org/W1516374810","https://openalex.org/W1986165698","https://openalex.org/W1988211749","https://openalex.org/W2003695338","https://openalex.org/W2025671398","https://openalex.org/W2058444869","https://openalex.org/W2081800380","https://openalex.org/W2120056193","https://openalex.org/W2182640503","https://openalex.org/W2319817660","https://openalex.org/W2324076173","https://openalex.org/W2331888613","https://openalex.org/W2333018025","https://openalex.org/W2508450703","https://openalex.org/W4206576272","https://openalex.org/W4232413707","https://openalex.org/W4235271869","https://openalex.org/W4241890143","https://openalex.org/W4299530062","https://openalex.org/W4301752817","https://openalex.org/W6728117156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749324135","https://openalex.org/W2139079562","https://openalex.org/W114687057","https://openalex.org/W2908433117","https://openalex.org/W2969604939","https://openalex.org/W2378306841","https://openalex.org/W3122988618","https://openalex.org/W1994631104","https://openalex.org/W3146908316","https://openalex.org/W2174303569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper,":[1],"a":[2,21,29,34,77,143,159],"personal":[3],"view":[4],"rather":[5],"than":[6],"an":[7,65],"official":[8],"HP":[9],"view,":[10],"questions":[11],"what":[12],"counts":[13],"as":[14,33,64],"technology":[15,39,96],"given":[16],"that":[17,106,169],"it":[18],"has":[19],"played":[20],"significant":[22],"role":[23],"throughout":[24],"human":[25],"history.":[26],"It":[27,51],"uses":[28],"non-technological":[30],"\u2018human\u2019":[31],"situation":[32],"datum":[35],"point":[36],"from":[37],"which":[38],"is":[40,133],"explored":[41],"in":[42,100,124],"terms":[43],"of":[44,61,71,85,103,110,129,150,158,173],"how":[45],"people":[46,137,139,181],"become":[47],"subservient":[48],"to":[49,97,120,125],"it.":[50],"briefly":[52],"surveys":[53],"the":[54,68,80,92,101,108,147,156,164,167,187],"literature":[55],"before":[56],"differentiating":[57],"between":[58,114],"particular":[59],"instances":[60],"technology,":[62],"such":[63],"airplane,":[66],"and":[67,79,122,166,183],"collective":[69,83],"effect":[70,84,145],"all":[72,86],"technologies.":[73],"These":[74],"are":[75],"termed":[76],"\u201cTechnology-Instance\u201d":[78],"\u201cTechnology-Collective\u201d.":[81],"The":[82,176],"Technology-Instances":[87],"produces":[88],"emergent":[89],"properties":[90],"at":[91,146],"Technology-Collective":[93,148,165],"layer,":[94],"leading":[95],"create":[98,117],"needs":[99,116],"form":[102],"feedback":[104],"loops":[105],"stimulate":[107],"development":[109],"more":[111],"technology.":[112],"Interdependencies":[113],"technological":[115],"choices":[118],"available":[119],"humans":[121],"brings":[123],"question":[126],"whether":[127],"notions":[128],"being":[130],"free":[131],"thinkers":[132],"constrained.":[134],"Technology":[135],"controls":[136],"because":[138],"do":[140],"not":[141,162],"acknowledge":[142],"systemic":[144],"level":[149],"abstract.":[151],"People\u2019s":[152],"attention":[153],"focuses":[154],"on":[155,163],"control":[157,186],"Technology-Instance":[160],"but":[161],"biases":[168],"influence":[170],"people\u2019s":[171],"ways":[172],"characterising":[174],"options.":[175],"author":[177],"concludes":[178],"by":[179],"arguing":[180],"can,":[182],"need":[184],"to,":[185],"Technology-Collective.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}